tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48430835900145579102024-03-14T00:43:35.286-07:00妥拉的智慧The wisdom of TORAHAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.comBlogger238125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-59475860016500863272015-09-13T12:39:00.000-07:002015-09-13T12:39:14.212-07:00猶太新年雜感 :安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel - 神百姓遵行神的話活出愛,在神百姓群體中一起施行公平憐憫<div style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
最近很多人到處宣揚安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel將會發生大事,如全球股票大跌、經濟下滑,大災難發生,甚至宣稱主耶穌將會在2015年吹角日降臨,也讓很多人跑來問我這件事,很多人專注在末日、審判,卻忽略安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel本身的含意是什麼,剛好又遇到5776猶太新年,也是禧年,趁這新年解釋一下安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel。<br />
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去年曾寫過一篇文章關於猶太新年<br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/rock-jean/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4%E6%87%89%E6%99%AF%E6%96%87-%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8B%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4%E8%88%87%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E7%A8%AE%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B/10152751482665350" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">https://www.facebook.com/notes/rock-jean/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4%E6%87%89%E6%99%AF%E6%96%87-%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8B%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4%E8%88%87%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%80%E7%A8%AE%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B/10152751482665350</a>,所以一些新年典故就不在重述,我們從安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel來了解:</div>
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1.安息年Shemitta:這字源自申命記15:<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--1shemittahhttps-9e3xuv2187f%2Fbible.fhl.net%2Fnew%2Fs.php%3FN%3D1%26k%3D08059%26m&h=AAQGwC7L8&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">1中shemittah一詞https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=1&k=08059&m=</a>,意思是解除、免除債務,而安息年Shemitta在聖經中提到做的事有:<br />
一、免除他人債務,幫助需要的人,使百姓中間無窮人〈申15:1-11〉</div>
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二、釋放同族為奴的人,賜與物品,若自願繼續為奴則要善待〈申15:12-18〉</div>
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三、土地停止耕種休息,不可收割,並自然出產讓僕人、婢女、雇工、寄居的外人、牲畜、走獸作</div>
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為食物〈利25:1-7〉</div>
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四、地不可永賣,允許人贖回土地〈當事人買了,至近親屬要為其贖回,或是本人贖回〉,並按照</div>
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當初所賣年數計算剩餘年限使人贖回〈利25:23-27〉</div>
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五、在安息年Shemitta的住棚節,所有以色列人不分男女老幼至神所指定的地方聽誦讀妥拉,使之</div>
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學習,敬畏神、遵行妥拉〈申31:10-13〉</div>
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2.禧年Yovel:這字源自利未記25:<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--10yobelhttps-mt4sqtf733e%2Fbible.fhl.net%2Fnew%2Fs.php%3FN%3D1%26k%3D03104%26m&h=cAQGYrAcQ&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">10中Yobel一詞https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=1&k=03104&m=</a>,意思是羊角、號角,因為禧年會吹號,所以這字也代表禧年,而禧年Yovel在聖經中提到做的事有:</div>
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一、在以色列人居住之地對所有居民宣告自由,各人回歸他的產業跟家族〈利25:8-10〉</div>
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二、土地停止耕種休息,不可收割,並吃自然出產〈利25:11〉</div>
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三、禧年以後買賣要公平,不彼此虧待〈利25:13-17〉</div>
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四、地不可永賣,允許人贖回土地,若地直到禧年仍未贖回,地主要將地業歸回賣地之人〈利25:</div>
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28〉</div>
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五、賣城中房子,一年內可以贖回,超過一年則歸為買主,禧年也不歸回賣房之人,若所賣之房是</div>
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在無城牆的村莊,則可贖回,並禧年要歸回賣房之人,若利未人賣所得業的城中的房子,隨時</div>
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可以贖回,若未贖回,在禧年要歸回利未人,利未人在各城郊之地不可賣〈利25:28-34〉</div>
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六、幫助窮困的弟兄〈利25:35-38〉</div>
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七、本族弟兄為奴,要善待如雇工,禧年要釋放他回歸本家本業,或本族弟兄把自己賣給同地外</div>
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人,近親遠戚可以贖回,或是自贖,並按照剩餘年數贖回〈利25:39-55〉</div>
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猶太節期本意是提醒猶太人透過這些日子記號來自省與群體省察,訓練自己和群體敬畏,遵行神的話,所以一年節期或是七年大節期都是個人或同一世代不斷去省察自己的生命是否敬畏神,遵行神的話,而五十年則是剛好一個新舊世代的交接,舊世代做榜樣,新世代承襲繼續,所以從安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel可以看見很多關於神百姓如何施行公平憐憫,這是從平日就不斷訓練遵行神的話而來的〈五經中也教導很多平日該做的事〉,所以安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel並不是在提會發生什麼大事,會有大審判,或是末日降臨,而是神百姓在平日遵行神的話擴及更大〈如釋放奴隸、善待外人、使人回歸自己的產業等〉,而神百姓遵行這一切全是因為愛,所以在耶利米書34:13-22提到神百姓並沒有遵行神的話,惡待同族人,神對這沒有公平憐憫、愛的行為憤怒,所以猶太人常利用猶太節期,說明哪些日子猶太人發生了什麼重大災難之事,其實目的不是要傳遞大災難,而是透過這些災難〈如第一、二聖殿被毀之因〉來幫助猶太百姓時時提醒自己和群體自省是否時時敬畏神,遵行神的話。</div>
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所以當許多人到處分享大災難、末日訊息時,是否真了解安息年Shemitta、禧年Yovel背後要傳達的意思?是否真的如猶太人那樣去自省和群體反省?猶太人為何相當重視這次禧年,不是因為會發生什麼災難,而是公平憐憫將在猶太百姓中實行,更落實活出神的話,並傳承給下一世代,一代代敬畏神,所以分享大災難、末日信息的人們,應該要思考你們所接受的資訊是否是正確,也要思考自己是否真了解這些名詞在聖經上所要傳達的意義,並思考是否真的有如聖經教導所說重視在該重視的地方上。</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-89767547960015850312014-11-02T04:25:00.002-08:002014-11-02T04:25:49.344-08:00還原福音猶太本質 第三章 還原福音猶太本質的前提 2.反閃主義並非基督教教義<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; font-size: 20px; line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
反閃主義與聖經信仰並不相容。在撒迦利亞書二章八節,神說,「凡是動你們的」— 猶太人民 — 「就是動了我眼中的蘋果」<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#1]</span>,意思是,瞳孔,最敏感最有用的部份。在創世紀十二章三節,神保證亞伯拉罕,猶太人民的父,「我會祝福那些祝福你的;詛咒你的我會詛咒他」。</div>
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然而,個人以及作為機構的教會同樣教導過反閃主義的教義,並且以基督之名犯下反閃主義的行為。此外,儘管有一些人沒有證據顯示出真誠的信仰,僅僅是名義上的基督徒,除了反閃主義本身之外,根據隨意的評判標準,另外的一群人則真的為基督徒,例如奧古斯丁 (Augustine) 與馬丁路德 (Martin Luther)。事實上,儘管馬丁路德曾開創了讓人感到驚奇的宗教改革,在創世紀十二章三節標準所定的光照之下,假如此人曾充滿他的小冊子〈論猶太人與他們的謊言〉<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[7]</span> ,以咒罵反對亞伯拉罕的後裔被拯救。</div>
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我認為外族基督徒與彌賽亞猶太人對這些事情負起責任是合宜的,謙卑以待,在猶太人面前採取個人的立場承認教會的罪 (guilt) 而不必期待被他們原諒。</div>
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但更加重要的,傷害猶太個人或作為整體的猶太人民的任何思想、話語或行為應被人所理解,只不過他們是猶太人,因而違背所有基督徒、必須被視為罪愆 (sin)。</div>
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最終,存在無意識的反閃主義形式 — 重讀本書會點出他們之中的許多人。<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[8]</span> 善意的基督徒既不討厭也不願冒犯猶太人,然而幾世紀以來沉浸在反猶教導的文化中吸收反猶態度。以基於新約本身的猶太背景解經,來取代新約的反猶解經,也許是處理這個現象的有效方式。</div>
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原書註解:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[7]</span> 馬丁路德 著〈論猶太人與他們的謊言 On the Jews and their Lies〉(1543),Martin H. Bertram 譯,Franklin Sherman 編輯:Jaroslav Pelikan 與 Helmut T. Lehmann 著《路德的事業 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Luther’s Works</em> 》四十七冊、一百一十二到三百零六頁(Fortress 出版與 St. Louis:Concordia Publishing House 出版社)。以下節選自兩百六十八到兩百七十八頁:</li>
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What shall we Christians do with this rejected and condemned people, the Jews? .... I shall give you my sincere advice: First, to set fire to their synagogues .... in honor of our Lord and of Christendom, so that God might see that we are Christians .... I advise that their houses also be razed and destroyed .... I advise that their prayerbooks and Talmudic writings .... be taken from them .... I advise that their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb .... [W]e will believe that our Lord Jesus Christ is truthful when he declares of the Jews who did not accept but crucified him, “You are a brood of vipers and children of the devil .... ” I have read and heard many stories about the Jews which agree with this judgment of Christ, namely, how they have poisoned wells, made assassinations, kidnapped children .... I have heard that one Jew sent another Jew, and this by means of a Christian, a pot of blood, together with a barrel of wine, in which when drunk empty, a dead Jew was found ....</div>
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我們基督徒要怎樣抵制並且定罪他們(猶太人)? … 我定要給你們我的誠摯忠告:</div>
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首先,到他們的猶太會堂放火 … 向我們的上主與基督教王國致上敬意,為了讓神可能會看看我們,我們是基督徒 … <br style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;" />我的忠告是,他們的房子也要被摧毀,夷為平地 …,<br style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;" />我的忠告是,他們的禱告著作與塔木德書信 … 從他們那奪走 …<br style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;" />我的忠告是,他們的拉比要禁止講道,從今以後違者處死並且肢解 …<br style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;" />我們會相信,我們的主耶穌基督是信實的,當他宣告猶太人不接受他而是把他釘死,「你們這些蛇啊,毒蛇的孽種啊 … 」<br style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;" />我讀到過、聽說過許多有關猶太人的故事,與基督的這個裁決一致,那就是,他們是怎樣在井裡下毒、搞暗殺、誘拐兒童 … <br style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;" />我聽說過,有個猶太人送給另一個猶太人(用基督徒的方式)一罐血(連同一桶酒),在喝盡之時,發現一個死掉的猶太人 …</div>
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這是無益的讀物。進一步的分析參閱我尚未出版的論文,〈路德對猶太人的觀點:給我們時代的教訓 Luther’s View of The Jews: A Lesson For Our Time〉,1974。</div>
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<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[8]</span> 也請見我的《彌賽亞猶太人》(第二頁、註腳二引用過),第參章,第 E-4 節。</div>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#1]</span> 英文為:「for he who touches you, touches the apple of His eye.」。譯者個人自譯:「凡是動你們的,就是動了我的摯愛。」</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2014/10/23/antisemitism-is-un-christian</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-4463151071950032802014-11-02T04:24:00.002-08:002014-11-02T04:24:28.356-08:00還原福音猶太本質 第三章 還原福音猶太本質的前提 1.基督教源自猶太人<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; font-size: 20px; line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
在<a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/08/18/introduction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #268bd2; opacity: 1; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible;">簡介</a>中我寫過,我假定我的讀者會同意以下三點,這些不是還原猶太本質本身的一部分,但卻是先決條件:(1) 基督教源自猶太人、(2) 反閃主義並非基督教教義、(3) 拒絕或忽視宣講福音的猶太人是反閃主義。是時候來討論這些事項了,因為某些讀者會不同意,需要被說服。福音「先是為了猶太人」,我們會思考當保羅寫下羅馬書一章十六節時的本意作為總結。</div>
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伊迪絲.薛華,已故的薛華 (Francis Schaeffer) 之妻,寫過一本書的標題是,《<span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">基督教源自猶太人</span>》 (<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Christianity is Jewish</em>)。<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[1]</span> 她所指出的,我也是這樣認為的,就是基督教,不管怎樣,目前的某些表現形式也許不像猶太人,卻有其根源在猶太教與猶太人民之中。</div>
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事實是這根本就不是個辯論事項。多年以來所有耶書亞的門徒都是猶太人。新約全是猶太人所寫的(路加這人,極有可能是猶太歸信者)。彌賽亞的概念無非就是源自猶太人。最終,耶書亞自己曾是猶太人 — 在那時是猶太人,顯然一直都是猶太人,因為沒有一處經文、或者暗示說,他永不再是猶太人。是猶太人為外族人帶來了福音。保羅,外族人的首席使者,是一位終生持守聖言的猶太人<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#2]</span>。無論是否有經歷完全的改信猶太教,外族人都能成為基督徒,這甚至是早期教會的主要議題。彌賽亞的轉承償還 <span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#1]</span> 根基於猶太獻祭系統;聖餐根基於猶太逾越節期;洗禮是猶太慣例;甚至伴隨眾先知與新約 (New Covenant) 的應許,整部新約建造在希伯來聖經之上,以至於新約沒有舊約,就像房子有二樓卻沒有一樓一樣的不可能。</div>
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此外,寫在新約的很多東西除去猶太教後就會不知所云。在前一章所討論的馬太福音十八章十八到二十節,我們已經對此給了一個例子 <span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[2]</span>,但這裡還有一個。耶書亞在登山寶訓告訴我們,「汝的眼睛若是邪惡,汝定全身充滿黑暗。(If thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness.)」<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[3]</span> 甚麼是邪惡之眼?不知道猶太背景的人可能會假設他是在談論施展法術。但在希伯來文,有一隻<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">‘ayin ra’ah</em>,「邪惡之眼」,意思是顯得吝嗇;當有一隻 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">‘ayin tovah</em>,「良善之眼」,意思是顯得慷慨。耶書亞是在對不慷慨提出警告,而不是其他有的沒的。此外,這完美符合上下文:「你的財寶在哪裡,你的心也會在哪裡⋯你無法同時服侍神與錢。」<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[4]</span></div>
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基督徒信仰的猶太本質於新約通篇清晰,然而保羅在羅馬書中對其直言不諱。他寫道,「原來,猶太人被託付了神的原話」<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[5]</span>,意味著希伯來聖經,接著在這主題上詳述、補充道,</div>
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以色列人民成了神的孩子,<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Sh’khinah</em>【神的榮耀彰顯】已經與他們同在,眾約是他們的,<span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span>的交付、聖殿 (Temple service) 與眾應許同樣也是;先祖 (Patriarchs) 是他們的;並且從他們,就他身體的血統而言,彌賽亞來了⋯ <span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[6]</span></div>
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因此儘管福音信息一樣為了猶太人與外族人,彌賽亞信仰的語境源自猶太人。即使有人接受取代神學的錯誤前提,說猶太人不再是神的子民,這也不會改變基督教源自猶太人的這個事實。嘗試用不同的解讀就只能扭曲神的信息。</div>
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但是基督教源自猶太人還有其他的意義,那就是,在原則上猶太人是最好同化的。這是引用的羅馬書經文中保羅的重點;他的目的是要表明,福音「特別為了猶太人」— 就如我們所會見到的。</div>
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原書註解:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[1]</span> 依迪芙.薛華 (Edith Schaeffer),中文書名《基督教的猶太根源》<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Christianity is Jewish</em>(Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1975)</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[2]</span> <a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2014/05/09/new-covenant-halakhah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #268bd2; opacity: 1; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible;">本書第貳章第六節之5</a>。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[3]</span> 馬太福音六章二十三節。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[4]</span> 馬太福音六章二十一節、二十四節。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[5]</span> 羅馬書三章二節。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[6]</span> 羅馬書九章四到五節。</li>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#1]</span> vicarious atonement,一般翻成「替罪」。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#2]</span> 終身遵守舊約中規定猶太人生活的條例,也就是持守希伯來聖經中的律法。</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2014/08/01/christianity-is-jewish</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-19811674762576120302014-11-02T04:22:00.003-08:002014-11-02T04:22:41.581-08:00還原福音猶太本質 第二章 5新約 Halakhah?<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; font-size: 20px; line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
對於許多外族基督徒來說,同意 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 在新約 (New Covenant) 之下仍然有效的這個抽象聲明,是一件輕鬆的事,因為他們不大可能感覺到弦外之音。但是一位同意此聲明的猶太人應當立即想知道 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 要怎樣應用。甚麼是新約之下的<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em>?甚麼是應該做到的、甚麼是在特定處境中不應該做的?某人在 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 應當克制生火或駕駛行為嗎?他應當穿著 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">tzitziyot</em> 嗎?(按照民數記十五章三十七到四十一節,他衣著的角落上會有流蘇。)彌賽亞猶太集會的領導者應當被稱作拉比嗎?一位彌賽亞外族人在彌賽亞會堂當中可否被選出來宣讀 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 卷軸?外族基督徒可否改信猶太教?假若如此,在何者的主導之下呢?彌賽亞猶太人應當與以色列國有怎樣的關係呢?彌賽亞猶太人應當移居以色列嗎?是否有<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> 是關於何時彌賽亞猶太人可能與外族基督徒結婚呢?彌賽亞猶太人應當點亮 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 蠟燭嗎?假若如此,他應當背誦傳統的 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">b'rahhah</em>(賜福),表明神所命令的,<span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 的燭光嗎?(聖經中沒有此命令。)彌賽亞猶太會眾中的外族成員可能(或應當)仿效(或接納)猶太慣例到怎麼樣的程度呢?諸如此類。</div>
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新約 (New Covenant) 創造的 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> 應當遵循猶太教(非彌賽亞猶太式)的模式嗎?可想而知,以新約為主體建立的判例法 (case law) 就像是塔木德 (Talmud),法典 (Codes) 與釋疑集 (Responsa)。這要斟酌猶太的 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em>,已有的 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em>,畢竟,<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> 牽涉到人生的每一個面向;然而這一切會必須在新約的光照中被重新審視。這還會被同為信徒的猶太人與外族人所建立,首要的經文存在於馬太福音十八章十八到二十節,基於這程序:</div>
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「是的!我告訴你們【擔任領導的門徒】,任何你們在地上綑綁【意思是,禁止】的會在天上被綑住,任何你們在地上鬆綁【允許】的會在天上被鬆開。再說一次,我告訴你們,在地上,假如在此的你們倆,對人民的要求意見一致,在天上,來自我的父,就為他們成就。因為在任何地方,有兩人或三人為我的名被聚集,我就與他們在那裡。」<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[54]</span></div>
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最後一段通常被視為擔保,當信徒禱告的時候,耶書亞與他們同在。這是真的,但並非以這一節經文為根據。耶書亞在此對人民演說著的是,人民有權來規範彌賽亞群體的生活(請見上述的三節經文)。他說到他們 — 並且想必是後來的領導者 — 有權利創立 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em>,因為用語「綑綁」與「鬆綁」用在第一世紀的猶太人,是「禁止」與「允許」的意思。耶書亞是在教導,當議題被兩或三位彌賽亞社群的領導者正式地提出來評審,並且他們在地上、在此作出 halakhic 決議,他們能確信,他們的後盾是神的授權。</div>
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但是,做 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 700 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> 的這群人有甚麼好處?誰來持守?誰需要?有人要嗎?我們的一切不是都有聖靈的引導嗎?我們需要有一套規則或是方針嗎?</div>
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好吧 — 在此你已經開始了一場辯論。我不會假裝我能結束這場辯論,儘管我較長的一本書, 《 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">彌賽亞猶太人</span> 》 ,內含一些更深入層面的討論。但是至少,在福音當中呈現的 <span style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 猶太元素,已經被呈現在此,透出一線亮光。我火熱地希望,教會永不再以口號:「脫離律法! (Free from the Law!)」而能置之不理。就達成大使命目標而言,脫 ※ 離 ※ 律 ※ 法是在逃 ※ 避 ※ 現 ※ 實。<span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#1]</span></div>
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原書註解:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[54]</span> 馬太福音十八章十八到二十節, 《 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本</span> 》。</li>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="badge alert-warning" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 0; opacity: 1; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">[#1]</span> 作者原文為 "free-from-the-law is head-in-the-sand”,從律法中脫離是把頭埋在沙子裡的鴕鳥心態。</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2014/05/09/new-covenant-halakhah</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-61831377001676370602014-09-27T02:38:00.002-07:002014-09-27T20:27:43.338-07:00猶太新年應景文-拉比釋經中關於猶太新年與創世其中一種詮釋在希伯來文創世紀1-2:3描述神如何創造這世界,但除了希伯來文表面描述神創世外,猶太釋經也豐富了創世紀開頭的內容,像整段內容中,被解釋最多的不是各樣希伯來文名詞、動詞,而是受詞記號 אֵתET。<br />
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在豐富的猶太釋經其中一種詮釋<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">1</span>〈Midrash 大創世紀1:1Great Rabbi Hoshaya〉把創世紀1-2:3當中的受詞記號ET詮釋為神的話〈Torah,因為是希伯來字母第一個字和最後一個字〉神在創世時是先出現神的話〈Torah〉:בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵתbereshit bara ELOHIM ET<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">2</span>,然後以神的話〈Torah〉創造了世界,並且創造過程中神看是好的,所以在這猶太詮釋進路為:<br />
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1.神先有了ET〈神的話Torah〉<br />
2.神藉著ET創造世界〈海中生物、天上生物、地上生物爬物、人<span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">3</span>〉<br />
3.神看世界是好的〈良善的〉<br />
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而猶太人認為創世的時間就是猶太新年,所以猶太人在新年時除了講創世內容外,也認為這天是神打開生命冊與神的話Torah去審判的一天,要看猶太人是否遵行妥拉,看世界是否如當初祂創造一樣是好的,所以猶太新年本身有自我與群體的反省,期望來年能夠更遵守神的話Torah。<br />
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透過了猶太新年的啟發,我們是否該自省與群體省察來回應所信的神呢?以上內容供參考!<br />
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註:<br />
1.http://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.1.1<br />
2.因希伯來聖經書寫常連在一起,所以拉比常靈活詮釋,而產生了豐富的拉比釋經!<br />
3.比較有趣的是創世紀1-2:3中有<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7000007629395px;">提到</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: David; text-align: right;">וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים</span>Vayivarech ELOHIM ET HaAdam神創造了人,這邊其實也可以詮釋神以神的話創造了人〈若以這進路詮釋方式是可以把這段詮釋為道成肉身,約翰福音1:1也有類似的概念〉!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-47256781566799028102014-01-22T08:44:00.001-08:002014-01-22T08:44:13.842-08:00還原福音猶太本質 4. 新約律法與實踐 e.使徒行傳 15 章與妥拉<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
在使徒行傳十五章中,耶路撒冷會議,一種 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">彌賽亞公議會</span> (<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Sanhedrin</em>),召開是為了判定在甚麼條件之下外族信徒會被接受進入到彌賽亞社群(亦即,進入到教會)。會議決定他們不需要改信猶太教 (convert to Judaism),而是應當持守最初四條 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhot</em> — 「避免被偶像所污穢的事物、避免行淫、避免被絞殺的、避免血。」[49]</div>
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這教導我們,適用於新約 (New Covenant) 之下外族人的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 要素和適用於猶太人的是不一樣的。(耶路撒冷會議並未作出改變 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 中任何適用於猶太人的,以至於數年之後在耶路撒冷仍然能有「成千上萬」的彌賽亞猶太人是「妥拉的狂熱者 (zealots for the Torah)。」[50])我們不應當感到訝異假如新約 (New Covenant) <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 為猶太人與外族人指定不一樣的誡命。首先,摩西五經有些命令適用於某群人而非其他人 — 適用於帝王而不是他的臣民、適用於 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">cohanim</em>(「祭司」)而不是其他猶太人、適用於男人而非女人。第二,新約也有不一樣的命令給不一樣範疇的人,舉個例子,男人與女人、丈夫與妻子、父母與孩子、奴隸與主人、領導者與追隨者、寡婦。[51]</div>
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然而,使徒行傳十五章也教導,儘管外族人被 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">要求</span> 在進入彌賽亞社群時持守的只有四條法律,他們被 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">允許</span> 學習更多有關猶太教的事情就如他們所願 [52],並且想必持守更多的猶太法律與習俗就如他們所願。唯一在新約 (New Covenant)(在加拉太書)中增加的條款是,外族人不應當假設他們自我猶太化 (self-Judaizing) 會賺得神的「救贖點數」。</div>
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此外, 這不應當被想成只需要遵守新約 (New Covenant) 為外族人所作的四條命令。與其相反地是,在新約有上百個命令意味著更多為外族人就如為猶太人。也不應當想成新約 (New Covenant) 摒棄了道德、公民、禮儀或是其他任何的法律範疇。在所有的這些範疇有新約命令為猶太人與外族人。給一些些例子,羅馬書十三章一到七節與使徒行傳五章二十九節觸及公民順服與不順服;馬太福音二十八章十九節與哥林多前書十一章十七到三十四節處理禮儀事項;哥林多前書五章一節到六章七節、十四章二十六節到四十節、哥林多後書二章五到十一節與馬太福音十八章十五到十七節處理彌賽亞猶太社群的秩序;並且有這麼多無須引用的道德、倫理與精神上的命令(1050 條各種命令,根據某個一覽表)[53]。</div>
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我們的結論是,新約 (New Covenant) 之下的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 繼續有效,並且更多為外族人就如為猶太人,儘管為外族人的具體要求不同於為猶太人的這些。</div>
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原書註解:</div>
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<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[49] 使徒行傳 15:20</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[50] 使徒行傳 21:20,《 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本</span> 》</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[51] 請見哥林多前書 11:2-16、14:34-36;以弗所書 5:22-6:9;歌羅西書 3:18-4:1;提摩太前書 3:1-13、5:3-16;希伯來書 13:7、17:1;彼得前書 3:1-7</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[52] 使徒行傳 15:21</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[53] Finnis Jennings Dake, <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Dakes Annotated Reference Bible</em> (Lawrence-ville, Georgia: Dake Bible Sales, Inc., 1961), New Testament, pp. 313-316</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2014/01/20/acts-15-and-the-torah</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-90951005880324958942013-12-19T09:45:00.003-08:002013-12-19T09:45:53.635-08:00還原福音猶太本質 4. 新約律法與實踐 d.使徒行傳 10:9-17 與 28 節<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
彼得,有一個幻象 [#1],在這三次的幻象中,他看到 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">不清潔</span> 的動物在布中從天而降 [#2],並且聽到聲音對著他說「殺了、吃了」。不像那些解經家立即假設這段經文是教導猶太人不再需要吃 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kosher</em> 食物,彼得花了一些時間「解謎、苦思幻象的涵義」。[#3] 唯有他抵達哥尼流的家得以將各片拼圖放在一起,為了讓他能表明,「神已經給我看了,不要叫任何 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">人</span> 不清潔。」這個幻象是有關人民,而非食物。這並非教導總是吃 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kosher</em> 的彼得,去改變他吃東西的習慣,而是接受外族人和猶太人一樣是救贖的候選者。</div>
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為此必須要回想起,從天而降的布包含了所有種類的動物,有野獸、爬蟲類還有鳥類;然而我知道沒有聖經解經家堅持老鷹、禿鷲、貓頭鷹、蝙蝠、鼬鼠、老鼠、蜥蜴、鱷魚、變色龍、蛇、蜘蛛與蟲子必須被認為是可食用的。神在利未記十一章指定猶太人要將甚麼視為「食物」。即使在幻象中有次要信息是有關吃東西,這也不會整個推翻飲食律法,卻表明我們在加拉太書二章十一到十四節所發現的、與以上同樣的法則, <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kashrut</em> 的持守以維護猶太與外族信徒之間的團契為準。[48] [#4]</div>
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原書註解:</div>
<ul style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[48] 更多有關這個主題,請見我在《猶太新約註釋 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Jewish New Testament Commentary</em> 》加拉太書二章十一到十四節的註記。</li>
</ul>
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譯按:</div>
<ul style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[#1] Vision 通常在中文聖經翻譯為「異象」,但「異象」在今天基督教慣例的用法可能已經不同以往。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[#2] 一般來說,天 (heaven) 指神的居所,也就是從神那裡。布是亞麻布。</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[#3] 英文原文是 “puzzling over the meaning of the vision."</li>
<li style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4 !important; font-size: 18px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">[#4] 原文是 “that preserving fellowship between Jewish and Gentile believers supersedes observance of <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kashrut</em> ”。supersede 有優先的意思,在法律上的意義是,兩者若有衝突,以前者為準,本文是以「維護猶太與外族信徒之間的團契」為優先。</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/12/08/acts-10-9-17-28">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/12/08/acts-10-9-17-28</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-64499689125706584802013-12-05T20:44:00.003-08:002013-12-05T20:44:53.280-08:00還原福音猶太本質 4. 新約律法與實踐 c.馬可福音 7:1-20在 kashrut 這個主題上我們會著眼於兩段其他普遍被引用來證實 kashrut 被廢除的經文,並且證明這不是它們的目的。馬可福音七章一到二十節的看法不是關於 kashrut ,而是關於飯前洗禮 ( n’tilat-yadayim ),今天在傳統猶太教中可觀察到的慣例。[46] 因此當耶書亞「宣告一切食物的清潔」[47],他不是在宣告非 kosher 食物是 kosher ,而是在說,當沒有在禮儀上清潔過的手碰觸到 kosher 食物時,並不會使得 kosher 食物在禮儀上不清潔。儘管在我們的年代很難讓不是正統派猶太人的任何人明智地去思考有關不潔的禮儀,然而其重要的程度在耶書亞的時代能被粗略地估計,這個事實就是塔木德 (Talmud) 六大部分的其中之一〈 Tohorot ,「潔淨篇」〉幾乎徹底地全心投入於這個主題。<br />
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然而,要留意對我們重要的 halakhah 與吃是一點關係也沒有。在這段經文中耶書亞並未將「長者的傳統」看得一文不值 [#1],像許多基督徒所行的那樣。更確切地說,他一貫主張的是,人的傳統不應當被利用來「讓神的話語無效而作廢」。這裡有一個由彌賽亞親自做出的關鍵 halakhic 裁決,能在今天建立新約 halakhah 時指引我們。這是說,我們必須優先處理重要事項 [#2]:只有神的話語命令要絕對順服。我們的 halakhot 可能有益,能誘導、教化,是具有價值的嚮導,但它們仍然只是「人的傳統」,因而難免出錯,並且不是最重要的。彌賽亞的 halakhah 與在正統派猶太教中普遍流行的觀點形成對比,正統派猶太教,從耶書亞所批判的法利賽派位置直接繼承下來,違背拉比裁決能視為比違背聖經訓誡更為嚴重。<br />
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原書註解:<br />
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[46] 請見馬可福音 7:2-5。<br />
[47] 馬可福音 7:19<br />
譯按:<br />
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[#0] 節錄馬可福音 7:2-5 與 7:19 的兩個中文譯本:<br />
「他們曾看見他的門徒中有人用不潔淨的手,就是沒有洗的手吃飯。法利賽人和所有的猶太人都拘守古人的傳統,若不按規矩洗手就不吃飯;從市場來,若不洗淨也不吃飯;他們還拘守好些別的規矩,如洗杯、罐、銅器、床鋪等。法利賽人和文士問他說:「你的門徒為甚麼不照古人的傳統,竟然用不潔淨的手吃飯呢?」(和合本修訂版)<br />
『⋯因為不是進入他的心,而是進入他的肚子,又排入廁所。」(這是說,各樣的食物都是潔淨的。)』(和合本修訂版)<br />
他們看見耶穌的一些門徒用不潔淨的手 — 就是沒有洗過的手 — 吃飯。原來法利賽人和所有的猶太人都固守古人的傳統,若不仔細洗手,就不吃東西;從集市回來,若不清洗,也不吃東西。他們還有許多傳承下來要固守的規條,比如洗杯子、罐子、銅器,甚至牀等等。法利賽人和律法教師問耶穌:「你的門徒為甚麼不遵守古人的傳統,用不潔淨的手吃飯呢?」(新漢語譯本)<br />
『⋯因為這些東西不是進入人心,而是吞進肚裏,又排泄到廁所去。」(耶穌這樣說,就潔淨了一切的食物。)』(新漢語譯本)<br />
[#1] "Yeshua does not give zero weight to the “tradition of the elders,” as do many Christians." 中文聖經一般譯為「古人的遺傳、傳統」,事實上是指猶太文化中幾個重要門派的代表性學者(拉比)流傳至今(正統派猶太教所繼承)的教導。<br />
[#2] 作者的原文是 "we must keep our priorities straight"<br /><br /><br />引用網址:<a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/12/02/mark-7-1-20">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/12/02/mark-7-1-20</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-42561638075638815062013-12-05T20:43:00.003-08:002013-12-05T20:43:37.228-08:00還原福音猶太本質 4. 新約律法與實踐 b.加拉太書 2:11-14<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
保羅在加拉太書二章十一到十四節有一個重要的宣判。這也是作為當兩個有效的 [#1] 原則有衝突時如何繼續實行 [#2] 的一個決議,不過在這個情況中,舊約命令與新約 (New Covenant) 之間的衝突是必然的。他的結論並不是,像某些假設說,猶太飲食律法不再適用,然而猶太信徒 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kashrut</em> 的持守絕不允許妨礙他們與外族信徒的團契。在彌賽亞裡的共融 (Communion) [#3] 比起食用 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kosher</em> 更為重要。但是當猶太信徒食用 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">kosher</em> 的行為不破壞這樣的團契時,那麼在加拉太書二章十一到十四節,就沒有甚麼能被解讀為蘊含猶太飲食律法不應當被持守的段落了。</div>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#0] 節錄兩譯本的加拉太書 2:11-14:<ul style="list-style: square; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">『後來,磯法到了安提阿,因為他有可責之處,我就當面反對他。從雅各那裏來的人未到以前,他和外邦人一同吃飯,及至他們來到,他因怕奉割禮的人就退出,跟外邦人疏遠了。其餘的猶太人也都隨著他裝假,甚至連巴拿巴也隨夥裝假。但我一看見他們做得不對,與福音的真理不合,就在眾人面前對磯法說:「你既是猶太人,卻按照外邦人的樣子,不按照猶太人的樣子生活,怎麼能勉強外邦人按照猶太人的樣子生活呢?」』(和合本修訂版)</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">『但磯法到了安提阿的時候,因為他的行為已經定了他的罪,我就當面反對他。其實從雅各那裏來的人未到之前,他經常和外族人一同吃飯;但當他們來了,他因為害怕那些守割禮的人,就慢慢退避下來,把自己與外族人分開。其餘的猶太人也跟他一同裝假,甚至連巴拿巴也受到了影響,隨他們裝假。但當我看見他們沒有按照福音的真理正直地行事,就在大家面前對磯法說:「既然你身為猶太人,生活卻像外族人,不像猶太人,你怎能強迫外族人像猶太人那樣生活呢?」』(新漢語譯本)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#1] 有法律效力的、正當的 (valid)。讀者應該要注意到,有不少法律用詞出現在作者(猶太人)的書中。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#2] 原文是 to proceed。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#3] 一般譯為「交通」、「相交」,或是隨意模糊地譯為「團契」、「聖體」。</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3;"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/30/galatians-2-11-14">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/30/galatians-2-11-14</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-5893311450356868112013-12-05T20:42:00.001-08:002013-12-05T20:42:13.008-08:00還原福音猶太本質 4. 新約律法與實踐 a.約翰福音 7:22-23<h2 style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w4; font-size: 25px !important; font-weight: normal !important; line-height: 1.55556em; margin-bottom: 0.77778em; margin-top: 0.77778em; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">
新約律法與實踐</h2>
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事實上,關於甚麼是新約 (New Covenant) 的 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> ,在這個疑問上,新約並沒有留下我們徹底於黑暗之中。與其相反地是,新約實際上表明多個 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">diney-torah</em> (如何應用 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的具體裁決)或是 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhot</em> (律法的應用),並且這些通常是以徹底的拉比思考方式 (rabbinic ways of thinking) 所得出。這裡有五個例子:</div>
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在約翰福音七章二十二到二十三節的這段經文,耶書亞呈現了一個 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">din-torah</em> ,在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 治癒的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">誡命</span> 優先於工作的克制。[#1] 在兩個衝突的法律規定中做出此決議,他的所作所為與發展了口傳 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的拉比們所作的相差無幾。事實上,耶書亞提到的這段經文是眾所皆知的決議,可以在塔木德 (Talmud) [#2] 中找到,論 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> ( tractate <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Shabbat</em> ),第 128 頁後半。</div>
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拉比們都面臨到在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 作工會干犯法律與男人應當在他兒子生命的第八天為他行割禮命令之間的衝突。這衝突源自的事實是,履行 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">b’rit-milah</em> 需要藉著公開的場合,割除還有攜帶工具的這類工作在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 是被拉比們所禁止的,有人做了必要的工作並且為男孩行割禮;但是假如割禮必須在第八天之後舉行,說是,為了健康的理由,可能就不會在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 行完割禮而違反工作禁令;有人直等到工作日再行割禮。</div>
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耶書亞運用猶太教叫作 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">cal v’homer</em> 「輕重緩急」[#3] 的辯論方式捍衛著他的裁決,在哲學上以推論法 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">a fortiori</em> 「從更大的力量」[#4] 而著名。[#5] 精髓就是用來明示或暗示的片語「何況⋯!」[#6] 約翰福音七章二十三節說道,實際上,「你們允許破壞 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> 為了持守割禮的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">誡命</span> ;何況更重要的是治癒人的全身,所以你們也應當允許為此等事而破壞 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">安息日</span> !」[#7]</div>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#1] 「安息日」 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Shabbat</em>,「誡命」 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">mitzvah</em> 。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#2] 塔木德是猶太經典,包含三部分,口傳妥拉:米示拿 (Mishnah)、口傳妥拉註釋:革瑪拉 (Gemara)、塔納赫註釋:米大示 (Midrash)。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#3] 英文是 "light and heavy"</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#4] 英文是 "from greater strength"</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#5] <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">a fortiori</em> 是拉丁語,一種推論法,中文用法可以是「遑論」、「更不用說」、「豈不」、「何況」。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#6] 英文是 "how much more…!"</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#7] 英文原文:"You permit breaking <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Shabbat</em> in order to observe the<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">mitzvah</em> of circumcision; how much more important it is to heal a person’s whole body, so you should permit breaking <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Shabbat</em> for that too!”</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3;"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/25/john-7-22-23">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/25/john-7-22-23</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-29216596323441148892013-11-20T02:03:00.003-08:002013-11-20T02:03:55.310-08:00第六節、妥拉在福音中的角色 3. 終結律法的福音根本不是福音<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
先前提及、已經作出的三項聲明(我不是說我同意)是猶太神學議程中最重要的,改革派猶太人主要著重在「神」,保守派著重在「以色列」,而正統派著重在「 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 」。改革派與世俗猶太人不同意正統派的見解,並且就 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 是否有永遠的約束力和保守派有不同的意見,雖然保守派猶太人否認正統派的的獨占主張,正統派判定他們同意的具體應用就是 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的約束。然而,儘管正統派猶太人僅佔以色列猶太人口的 15-20% 並少於美國的猶太人,他們視 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 為永恆的觀點深刻在猶太人民的心中;以至於非正統派發覺他們自己多少有點扮演暴發戶的角色,嘗試著驅逐聰明、經驗豐富並且有自信的統治者。</div>
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現在假如基督教以 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 不再有效的信息進入這樣的環境,與正統猶太教的溝通就斷線了。再也沒有甚麼好討論的。此外,假如我在猶太思維中正統派猶太 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 觀點角色的看法是正確的,那麼其實世俗猶太人在某種程度上「知道」,無論正確與否,正統派的角色是對的。事實上有一些世俗猶太人,儘管他們自己沒有宗教信仰,視正統派為猶太民族的保存者。</div>
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因此,假如基督教無法適當與認真的針對 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 議題,那對猶太人民沒甚麼好說的了。個別的猶太人可能被基督教爭取到,跨越猶太人民與教會之間的鴻溝(請回顧<a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/08/18/the-church-and-israel-in-history-early-period" style="color: #268bd2; opacity: 1; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible;">附圖2E</a>);但是正統猶太教本身關切的核心議題被離棄,或許是因為用隨意、放肆的方式引用羅馬書六章十四節,「我們不在法律之下,而是在恩典之下。」我的意見是,這膚淺、貧瘠的思考方式,教會中已經持續太久,並且是無濟於事卻服事敵擋者的思考方式![#1]</div>
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此外,這種思考方式不僅膚淺而且乖謬![#2] 耶書亞在登山寶訓的主題句 (theme sentence) 明明地說過,「別認為我來廢除律法⋯;我不是來廢除,而是來 plêrôsai (to fill)」。我們早先已經學習到的 [43],耶書亞的「填滿 (filling)」在此的意思是明確與充分 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的固有意義;並且我們指出即使 pleroô 意指「滿足」,「廢除 (abolition)」的意思也不能被扭曲,不然會與他早先所說的三句話矛盾。這看起來很明確,對我來說,難以瞭解基督徒神學竟敢提出 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 不再存在的想法。我自己相信這種想法的出現,是因為最初幾世紀的反猶偏差灌輸進入到外族人教會;[44] 這偏差現在是如此普遍並且難以根除,即使基督徒沒有任何個人的反閃主義,無論如何是不可避免的受其影響。</div>
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醫治的方法是重新評估 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的神學。我堅信 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 繼續有效會被發現。當我這樣說時,我並不是在「對猶太教讓步」,就如某些基督徒批評者可能會這樣想。我也不是莫名其妙表達著 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">反妥拉</span> 神學 ( <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">anti-Torah</em> theology) 的虛偽,或是欺詐並且混淆 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">贊成妥拉</span> ( <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">pro-Torah</em> ) 的語言,我會期待來自少數非彌賽亞猶太人的指責。更確切地說,我陳述著為甚麼我相信新約的教導。這會證明既不是讓步也不是混淆,卻是一個挑戰 — 對猶太人與基督徒都是。</div>
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因為新約 (New Covenant) 的關鍵元素,同為耶利米書所應許並且為希伯來書所引用,那就是 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 是被寫在人民的心上(耶利米書三十一章三十到三十四節,希伯來書八章九到十二節)。這使得無法接受神寫 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 在心上的神學詭辯下結論時,他改成進入某些東西除了 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 以外!</div>
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但是假如彌賽亞猶太人與彌賽亞外族人承認 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的衍續 (ongoingness) ,就會產生疑問,「 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 要求的到底是甚麼?既然如此,耶書亞彌賽亞已經開創了新約 (New Covenant)?甚麼是新約 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> ? 」這已經是一個猶太疑問,並且,就如我們會見到的,福音不可或缺的元素。</div>
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為此有個在猶太教中的傳統說法是,當彌賽亞來到他會解釋 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的難題。其他的傳統說法是,他會改變 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 。耶書亞彌賽亞已經來了;某些事情他已經解釋過 — 舉個例子,在登山寶訓中 — 還有其他事情已經被改變,就如我們稍候在本章要學習的。(當他第二次來到時他可能給更多的解釋與做出更多的改變!)身為猶太人能以這種手段應對 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span>。並且基督徒僅僅是要去習慣它。</div>
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原書註解:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[43] 請見第貳章第五節之3「<a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/09/11/refutation-of-arguments-that-god-is-finished-with-the-jews" style="color: #268bd2; opacity: 1; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible;">神與猶太人斷絕關係論調的駁斥</a>」。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[44] 是敵擋者(撒但)灌輸了這個反猶偏差進入到教會。他以無止境的憤怒厭惡猶太人,因為神選擇了藉著他們在歷史上行事。但撒但只能進入沒有反抗他的人(馬太福音 12:43-45)。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[45] Halakhah 的意思,直譯是「行走的方式 (way of walking)」;但是,取決於上下文,廣義可能傳達,「生活的方式,依據 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> (way of living, according to the Torah)」,或者是在特定處境中的狹義,「要遵循的規則 (the rule to be followed)」。在猶太論述中,當某人談到「the <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em>」,那人是想起從特定的觀點所見猶太生活的整體框架。有時候的含義是要人知道以猶太法律甚麼是被允許的與甚麼是被禁止的;然而,正如往往引發關切的不是「法律的 (legal)」,而只不過是涉及到找出習俗是甚麼,或許還有為甚麼他們是這樣。片語「the <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">halakhah</em> 」的言外之意是,猶太民族意識穿越數世紀並且表達著自身,藉著普通的猶太人與他們的拉比們諮詢,為了學習更多關於神要他們如何生活。</li>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#1] 敵擋者在聖經中的發音是「撒但」。本段原文是:「In my opinion this shallow, sterile way of thinking has gone on too long in the Church, and it serves no purpose but the Adversary's!」</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#2] perverse 可譯為「乖謬」或彎曲悖謬的「悖謬」(腓立比書 2:15)。</li>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">箴言 8:13 「敬畏耶和華就是恨惡邪惡;我恨惡驕傲、狂妄、惡道,和乖謬的口。」(和合本修訂版)</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/19/the-gospel-with-an-ended-law-is-no-gospel-at-all">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/19/the-gospel-with-an-ended-law-is-no-gospel-at-all</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-86838670221804927502013-11-20T02:01:00.003-08:002013-11-20T02:01:48.808-08:00第六節、妥拉在福音中的角色 2. 諾莫斯 (Nomos)d.希伯來書 8:6 — 新約已經被賦予妥拉<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
我在準備 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本</span> 的過程中最驚人的發現之一,就是實際上新約 (New Covenant) 本身已經被賦予 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> — 幾乎一樣,就像摩西在西奈山上收到、被賦予 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 一樣。這隱藏的經文極為出色地保密在希伯來書八章六節,典型的翻譯是這樣念的:</div>
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但照這樣看來,基督已經取得的職事比起舊的更加卓越,就如他調解的約是更好的,因為是由更好的應許所制定的。</div>
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對於我的採礦工作而言這段經文可能看來是貧礦。但在查驗希臘文時,我注意到片語「所制定的 (is enacted on)」翻自單字 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nenomothetetai</em> ,我們的朋友<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nomos</em> (「法律 (law)、 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> ( <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Torah</em> )」)與一般動詞 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">tithemi</em> (「放 (to put)、放置 (place)」)的合成字。假如給彌賽亞猶太社群的信的主體 (subject matter) 是彌賽亞猶太社群,是對彌賽亞猶太社群說的,這個字翻譯為希臘法律、羅馬元老院 (Roman Senate)「制定的 (enacted),建立的 (established),立法的 (legislated)」可能是合適的,亦即,「把它作為法律 (to put as law)」或是「列為法律 (place as law)」。</div>
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但是在給這些彌賽亞猶太人的信中, <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nomos</em> 這個字,出現十四次,總是專指 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> ,從未是一般而言的法例。此外,在新約中其他出現 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nenomothetetai</em> 的地方很少,只有在前幾節的經文,於希伯來書七章十一節,只能指涉 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 於西奈的交付(相關字詞 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nomothesia</em> ,「 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的交付」,於羅馬書九章四節是毫不含糊的)。因此 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本</span> 希伯來書八章六節翻為:</div>
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但現在耶書亞已經被給予去行的工作是遠遠優於他們,正如他調解的約是更好的。因為這約已經被賦予 <span style="font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 以更好的應許為根據。</div>
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如此新約 (New Covenant) 已經「被賦予 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 」,這蘊含了 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 仍然存在並且在當代要被持守 — 由所有猶太人與所有外族人,就如我們定要見到的。然而,甚麼是「所有的猶太人」與「所有的外族人」可以被明確要求的並不是那麼明顯。我們會以受限的方式針對這個疑問,但全面性的治療 (comprehensive treatment) 超出了本書的範圍。</div>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#0] 希伯來書 8:6 和合本修訂版的翻譯為:「如今耶穌已經得了更優越的事奉,正如他作更美之約的中保;這約原是憑更美之應許立的。」</li>
</ul>
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引用網址:<a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/09/hebrews-8-6-the-new-covenant-has-been-given-as-torah">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/09/hebrews-8-6-the-new-covenant-has-been-given-as-torah</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-69422256263151929592013-11-20T02:00:00.003-08:002013-11-20T02:00:12.765-08:00第六節、妥拉在福音中的角色 2. 諾莫斯 (Nomos)c.加拉太書 3:10-13 — 從律法的詛咒贖回?<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
在大多數加拉太書 3:10-13 的翻譯中呈現了一些絆腳石。舉個例子,這是新美國標準聖經 (New American Standard Bible, NASB) 的翻譯,我認為這版本與大多數的比起來既不好也不壞:</div>
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[10] 因為律法之功的多數是在詛咒之下;因為經上所記:「不恪守所有律法書所記的事情、不履行它們的人都是受詛咒的。」</div>
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[11] 既然如此,沒有人因著律法在神前有正當的理由是顯而易見的;因為「公義之人定要因信心活著。」</div>
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[12] 然而,律法不屬於信心;與其相反地是,「他因著實踐它們定要活著。」</div>
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[13] 基督已從律法的詛咒贖回我們,為了我們成為詛咒 — 因為經上所記:「掛在樹上的人都是受詛咒的。」</div>
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這些經文在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本</span> 呈現如下:</div>
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[10] 因為憑著律法主義持守 <span style="font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 誡命【 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">erga nomou</em> 】的人都活在詛咒之下,因為經上所記:「不持續行出 <span style="font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 書卷所記一切的人都是受詛咒的。」【申命記 27:26】</div>
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[11] 於是顯而易見的,沒有人會藉著律法主義【 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nomos</em> 】被神宣告成公義,因為「有公義的人會因著持續信靠與持續信實獲得生命。」【哈巴谷書 2:4】</div>
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[12] 再者,律法主義【 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nomos</em> 】不是基於持續信靠與持續信實,卻是基於誤用經文所說的:「行了這些事的人都會藉著它們獲得生命。」【利未記 18:5】</div>
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[13] 彌賽亞已從 <span style="font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 【 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">nomos</em> 】中的詛咒宣判贖回我們,因著成為我們的代表被詛咒;因為 <span style="font-weight: 800 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">塔納赫</span> 說:「掛在刑柱上的人都臨到詛咒之下。」【申命記 21:22-23】</div>
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「律法的詛咒」並非必須活在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的框架之內的詛咒,因為 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 是良善的。亦非被要求 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">服從</span> <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 但缺乏能力去行的詛咒 — 這會是一種與神格格不入的「第22條軍規」[#1] ,儘管有神學的確是這樣教導的。更確切地說,這是「 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 中的詛咒宣判」(十三節;請見十一節),因為不服從它。保羅的觀點是,假如他們實際上以扎根於律法主義的努力試著 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">服從</span> <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> ,詛咒就落在這些人的身上(十一節前半、十二節)。對保羅來說,這種律法主義的手段已經不順服;因為 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">塔納赫</span> 本身要求從信心湧現的真誠順服(十一節後半)。在此沒有多餘的篇幅證明就是這樣,或是處理以上四節經文的翻譯所引起的其他爭論;我的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約註釋</span> ( <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Jewish New Testament Commentary</em> ) 針對了這些問題。</div>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#0] 本文的「信靠」翻譯自 trust,「信實」翻譯自 faithful。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#1] 《第22條軍規 Catch-22》是美國作家 Joseph Heller 的知名小說,小說標題成為常用的英語詞彙並進到英語辭典,代表了統治者對於民眾的愚弄,也代表了民眾對於統治者的抨擊,也象徵人們處在一種荒謬的兩難之中。詳見維基百科的說明:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22" rel="nofollow" style="color: #268bd2; opacity: 1; text-decoration: none; visibility: visible;" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22</a></li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/03/redeemed-from-the-curse-of-the-law">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/11/03/redeemed-from-the-curse-of-the-law</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-80035194560494918592013-11-20T01:55:00.004-08:002013-11-20T01:55:42.971-08:00第六節、妥拉在福音中的角色 2. 諾莫斯 (Nomos)b.「律法之下」與「律法之功」<div style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: 1.4em; opacity: 1; text-align: justify !important; visibility: visible; word-break: normal !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
許多有關 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的基督徒神學基於兩個保羅所發明希臘文措詞的誤解。第一個是<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">upo nomon</em> ;出現在羅馬書、哥林多前書與加拉太書十次,並且通常被譯成「律法之下 (under the law)」。另一個是 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">erga nomou</em> ,在羅馬書與加拉太書找到十次,少許有變動,被翻譯為「律法之功 (works of the law)」。</div>
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無論保羅是否試著以這些措詞溝通,有一件事情是清楚的:保羅看作它們是負面的:「律法之下」是不好的、「律法之功」是不好的。基督徒神學通常理解第一個的意思為「持守在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的框架之內 (within the framework of observing the Torah)」,第二個則是「對 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 順服的行為 (acts of obedience to the Torah)」。這瞭解是錯的。保羅既不認為活在 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的框架之內是不好的,也不認為遵守是不好的;與其相反地是,他寫道 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 是「聖潔、公義、良善」(羅馬書七章十二節)。</div>
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C.E.B. Cranfield 已經闡明了這兩個片語;他首先論及這個課題是在一九六四年所發表,[39] 並且他已總結在他精湛的羅馬書註釋。[40] 這裡他寫道,</div>
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⋯ 保羅時期擁有的希臘文並沒有與我們所說的「律法主義 (legalism)」、「律法主義者 (legalist)」、「律法主義的 (legalistic)」相對應的詞組。這意味著他缺乏便利的術語來表達至關重要的區分,因此肯定嚴重阻礙澄清基督徒關於法律立場的工作。有鑑於此,我們應當總是、我們思考、準備去認真對待保羅的聲明,乍看起來似乎是貶低法律,實際上導向不反對法律本身,而是反對誤解與濫用我們現在有的便利術語的可能性。保羅曾在地勢險要的地方開拓著。[41]</div>
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假如 Cornfield 是對的,就如我相信他的那樣,我們應當尋求與保羅同樣的開拓精神。我們應當瞭解 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">erga nomou</em> 不是作為「律法之功」,而是作為「以律法主義遵行特定的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 誡命」。同樣地,我們應當理解 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">upo nomon</em> 意思不是「律法之下」而是「從誤用 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 進入到律法主義,屈從於系統的結果」。這些片語在<span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本</span> 中是這樣被翻譯的。</div>
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措詞 「屈從」是個重點,因為 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">upo nomon</em> 的語境總是傳達壓迫感。保羅很清楚這點,就如可從哥林多前書九章二十節見到,然而,在他說著為了沒有 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的他們,他變得像是沒有 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 之後,他強調他自己不是沒有 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 而是 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">ennomos Christou</em> , 「守法」或是「守彌賽亞的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 」。他使用不一樣的用語,以<em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">ennomos</em> 代替 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">upo nomon</em>,區分他與 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的無壓迫關係,現在,他是與彌賽亞聯合,使他注意到的人民(大概是外族人![42]),他們自己恰當地「守法」於神聖、公義、良善的 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> ,而不是受制於律法主義所歪曲產生的沈重感。</div>
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假如上面對 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">upo nomon</em> 與 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">erga nomou</em> 的翻譯用在二十處出現這些片語的經文,我相信這會讓 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的基督徒神學變好。</div>
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原書註解:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[39] C. E. B. Cranfield, "St. Paul and the Law," in Scottish Journal of Theology (1964), pp. 43-68.</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[40] Cranfield (op. cit. in footnote 6, above), volume 2, pp. 845-862.</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[41] Ibid., p. 853.</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[42] 關於為甚麼「他們在律法之下」的他們是外族人,請見 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">猶太新約譯本註釋</span> ,哥林多前書 9:20 的筆記。</li>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">中文聖經通常錯譯 <em style="font-family: Lato; font-weight: 600 !important; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">Works Of The Law</em> 為行律法,應為「律法之功」。</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/10/25/under-the-law-and-works-of-the-law">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/10/25/under-the-law-and-works-of-the-law</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-32673239933194773782013-11-20T01:37:00.003-08:002013-11-20T01:53:21.235-08:00第六節、妥拉在福音中的角色 2. 諾莫斯 (Nomos)a羅馬書十章四節 — 彌賽亞終結律法?<h3 style="color: #595959; font-family: 'Avenir Next Condensed Demi Bold', 'PT Sans Narrow', 'Helvetica Neue Condensed', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'Hiragino Sans GB', sans-serif; line-height: 1.86667em; margin-bottom: 0.93333em; margin-top: 0.93333em; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2. 諾莫斯 (Nomos)</span></h3>
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一個好的起點可能是徹底研究希臘文單字 nomos (「法律」、「 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 」)與其在新約中所使用的衍生字。不幸的是本書篇幅有限 [#1],因為這個字與其同源字出現約兩百次。此抽樣的目的是為了促進食慾並鼓勵更進一步的調查研究。</div>
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想一下羅馬書十章四節怎麼說的 — 以一個典型但錯誤的翻譯 — 「因為基督終結律法,使每一位有信的人得著義。(For Christ ends the law and brings righteousness for everyone who has faith.) [#2]」像是這翻譯,大多數的神學家理解這段經文是說耶書亞已終止 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 。但這翻譯為「終結」的希臘文單字是 telos,從英文來看 teleology(目的論)這個字 [#3],定義在韋氏國際字典第三版:</div>
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「the philosophical study of the evidences of design in nature; … the fact or the character of being directed toward an end or shaped by a purpose — used of … nature . . . conceived as determined . . . by the design of a divine Providence …」[#4]</div>
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在希臘文中 telos 的標準意思 — 在此也意味著 — 「目標 (goal)、目的 (purpose)、完善 (consummation)」,不是「終止」。彌賽亞不是,並沒有使 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 終結。更確切地說,目標是重視彌賽亞裡的信靠,目的在於向著 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 瞄準,此邏輯推論,導致出於真誠的信仰是持守 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的完善(而不是試著持守出於律法主義的)。以上所述,保羅的觀點並非 <span style="font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w6; opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">妥拉</span> 的終止,就如能從上下文看到的那樣,羅馬書九章三十節到十章十一節。</div>
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譯按:</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#0] 妥拉 (Torah),指引、訓誨的話。妥拉有命中目標的意思。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#1] 原書英文:"there is not space in this book to undertake it."</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#2] 以下是各中文譯本,羅馬書十章四節的翻譯:</li>
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<span style="font-size: small;">誤譯:</span></h5>
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「基督就是律法的終結,好讓所有信的人都得着義。」(新漢語譯本)<br />
「其實,基督已經終止了法律的功效,使一切信他的人都得以成為義人。」(現代中文譯本)<br />
「其實,基督已經終結了律法,因此,凡信靠祂的人,都可以得著義。」(當代中譯本)</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">部分意義可能近似的翻譯:</span></h5>
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「律法的總結就是基督,使凡信祂的都得著義。」(和合本)<br />
「律法的總結就是基督,使所有信他的人都得著義。」(和合本修訂版)<br />
「因為律法的終極就是基督,使所有信的人都得著義。」(新譯本)<br />
「其實基督乃是律法的終極﹐叫一切信的人都歸於義的。」(呂振中譯本)</div>
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<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#3] teleology 源自希臘文單字 telos 跟 logos (word) 的組合。</li>
<li style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;">[#4] 中文直譯:「以自然設計的證據的哲學研究;⋯事實,或是正在導向一個終點,或是塑造一個目的 — 利用⋯自然⋯堅定的設想⋯以神聖天意的自然設計⋯」</li>
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<span style="color: #595959; font-family: Lato, xingothic-tc-w3;"><span style="line-height: 28px;">引用網址:</span></span><a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/10/21/romans-10-4-did-the-messiah-end-the-law">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/10/21/romans-10-4-did-the-messiah-end-the-law</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-70124901749215962542013-11-20T01:36:00.002-08:002013-11-20T01:52:49.548-08:00第六節、妥拉在福音中的角色 1.隱姓埋名的妥拉 (Torah)我敢肯定,缺乏一個正確、清晰、較為完全的彌賽亞猶太人或外族基督徒的律法神學,不僅對基督徒是瞭解他們自身信仰的重大阻礙,而且是猶太人民接受福音最大的壁壘。即使許多猶太人不持守 妥拉,往往既不認識也不關心它,這段聲明是我的立場;因為眷戀 妥拉 是根深蒂固在猶太人民的記憶中,它在無意中影響著猶太人民的態度。<br />
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雖然終極的議題變成耶書亞是誰 — 彌賽亞 (Messiah),永生神之子 (Son of the Living God),最終償還祭 (final Atonement),我們生命的主 — 教會在此的主要問題之一是溝通,以關係到猶太世界觀的真理表達方式。但教會簡直不知道該怎麼對待 妥拉 或是如何與新約相互適應。並且假如教會不知道,別期待猶太人為他們弄清楚!我相信基督教在處理的主旨已愈走愈遠、誤入歧途,並且今天神學最急迫的任務就是得到正確的律法觀點。<br />
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基督教把認為重要的主題組織成系統神學。因而在任何基督徒系統神學課題會像是聖靈與人與彌賽亞的工作排以一個健康的間距。猶太教也分門別類沉思所關心的並組織成神學思想,如我們早先留意到的,三個主要的課題是神、以色列(抑或是,猶太人民)與 妥拉。<br />
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比較猶太人與基督徒的神學,某人會發現兩者投入許多的重視在神與神的子民(在某個情況會是猶太人,在其他情況會是教會)。這是更加突出的,因此,要注意有那麼多的猶太思想與那麼少的基督徒神學針對 妥拉 的課題 — 妥拉 通常在英文譯成「律法 (Law) 」,儘管在希伯來字的意思是「訓誨 (Teaching)」。以粗略的估計,我檢查了 Augustus Strong 的《 系統神學 Systematic Theology 》的主旨索引,在總共一千零五十六頁中找到底下有「律法」的有二十八頁(少於 3%)。在 L. Berkhof 的《 系統神學 Systematic Theology 》的七百四十五頁中有三頁(少於 1/2%)。並在 Lewis Sperry Chafer 同樣標題的七卷工作中,在二千六百零七中只佔七(約 1/4%)。在另一方面,Isidor Epstein 的《 猶太教信仰 The Faith of Judaism 》三百八十六頁其中五十七頁針對 妥拉 (15%),Solomon Schechter 的《 拉比神學觀 Aspects of Rabbinic Theology 》三百四十三之中佔六十九(20%),而 Louis Jacobs 的《 猶太神學 A Jewish Theology 》三百三十一之中佔七十三(22%)(這三位作者分別是正統派、保守派、自由派(改革派))。某人被迫得到的結論是對此課題有興趣的是猶太人而非基督徒。<br />
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這就是基督徒的不幸。意思是說,第一,大多數的基督徒對於律法全是過度簡化的瞭解;並且,第二,基督教幾乎沒有說到任何與猶太人有關、關於他們信仰三個最重要的議題之一。總之, 妥拉 是巨大的未勘查領土,基督徒神學的未知領域。<br />
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這主要的原因是基督徒神學,基督徒神學納入最初幾世紀的反猶偏差,誤解掃羅【保羅】而斷定 妥拉 不再有效。這既不是猶太人的福音,也不是真正的福音。基督徒是時候理解關於律法的真相了。基督徒神學家在過去三十年來已經有了開始。[38] 彌賽亞信徒現在應當移往前線並在此過程作前鋒。<br />
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原書註解:<br />
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[38] 請見 W. D. Davies 所著,《 保羅與拉比猶太教 Paul And Rabbinic Judaism 》,第四版。(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980);Daniel P. Fuller 所著,《 福音與律法:對立或是連續? Gospel And Law: Contrast Or Continuum? 》 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1980);Hans Huebner 所著,《 保羅思想中的律法 Law In Paul's Thought》 (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1984);Jacob Jervell 所著,《 未知的保羅 The Unknown Paul 》(Minneapolis: Augsburg Press, 1984);E. P. Sanders 所著,《 保羅、律法、猶太人民 Paul, The Law, And The Jewish People 》 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983);E.P. Sanders 所著,《 保羅與巴勒斯坦人猶太教 Paul And Palestinian Judaism 》 (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1977);Gerard S. Sloyan 所著,《 基督是律法的終結? Is Christ The End Of The Law? 》(Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978);Clark M. Williamson 所著,《 神已遺棄他的子民? Has God Rejected His People? 》 (Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon, 1982)。<br />
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引用網址:<a href="http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/10/13/torah-incognita">http://gospel.logdown.com/posts/2013/10/13/torah-incognita</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-5488150881537808222013-11-08T08:55:00.001-08:002013-11-08T08:55:00.307-08:00妥拉的智慧重要公告<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">各位平安,妥拉的智慧至今仍沒有足夠的資金可提供最少一人的翻譯</span><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">薪資,翻譯同工需要外出應徵工作,以至於原本要推行的妥拉智慧研</span><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">經365因無人繼續翻譯整理而被迫暫停,目前要等翻譯同工找到工</span><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">作,趁工作空閒時間才能繼續慢慢整理,目前可能先恢復每周妥拉通</span><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">知,也希望大家能夠多多支持妥拉的智慧事工,讓妥拉的智慧事工能</span><wbr style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">夠早日正常運作,感謝各位,願每個人平安!תודה רבה ושלום עליכם</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-47797362758837493932013-11-03T04:49:00.003-08:002013-11-03T04:49:45.554-08:0020131028台北基督教書展漢語聖經出版社現場專題講座 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-74936349352034338352013-11-01T02:32:00.004-07:002013-11-01T02:32:37.324-07:00妥拉的智慧事工十月份收支明細表<div class="clearfix mbs pbs _1_m" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(229, 229, 229); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; zoom: 1;">
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<br />奉獻收入:2000元 吳姊妹<br />5000元 林弟兄<br /><br />一共7000元<br /><br /><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br />十月份支出-<br />全職同工薪資:3000元<br /><br />十月的奉獻總額仍無法推動整個事工運作,也不足支付全職同工的薪<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>水,需要各位弟兄姊妹以奉獻支持妥拉的智慧事工順利運作,達到事<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>工正常運作所需的奉獻,使妥拉的智慧事工能夠繼續提供更豐富的內<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>容呈現給每位弟兄姊妹眼前,感謝各位的支持,願你們平安!<br /><br />各位弟兄姊妹平安:<br /><br />非常感謝您對妥拉的智慧事工支持,感謝神願意使用妥拉的智慧事工<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>,使妥拉的智慧事工持續運作下去,並且逐漸增加許多內容,妥拉的<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>智慧事工除了編輯整理文章放在網路上供人瀏覽閱讀外,目前妥拉的<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>智慧事工今年計畫是:<br /><br />1.在網站上放置Youtube各樣影音聖經經文分享內容。<br />2.舉行SKYPE線上語音希伯來文文研經聚會。<br />3.舉行實體希伯來文研經聚會。<br />4.建置原文研經交流平台。<br />5.完成妥拉智慧研經365。<br /><br />然而妥拉的智慧事工在持續運作與拓展下,也開始需要金錢支付各樣<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>的支出,目前妥拉的智慧每月需要的支出為:<br />1.全職翻譯同工一名,45000元/1個月<br />2.語言翻譯外包的費用,7000-10000元/1個月<br />◎在2013年平均每個月需要支出的費用為55000元/1個月<br /><br />◎2013-14年妥拉的智慧事工運作需要的金額為約66000<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>0元/1年<br /><br />目前妥拉的智慧沒有任何單位支持,所以需要弟兄姊妹的奉獻支持與<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>代禱,如果對妥拉的智慧事工認同,有感動支持妥拉的智慧事工,可<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>以奉獻至下列的匯款資料:<br /><br />銀行名稱(Name of Bank):遠東國際商業銀行逸仙分行 Far Eastern International Bank YiXian Branch<br /><br />戶名(Name of Account):詹志強 Jhan, Ji -chang<br /><br />帳戶(No. of Account):003-004-002-30663<br /><br />銀行地址(Address of Bank):台北市基隆路一段200號之3 3 - No.200 Sec. 1 ,Keelung Rd. ,Taipei City, Taiwan<br /><br />若有人奉獻請來信至:rock24sea@gmail.com,<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>請告知您的大名、地址和奉獻金額,得以對帳與開立收據。<br /><br />◎妥拉的智慧事工目前是小型事工,也沒有任何單位機構支持,目前<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>的規模尚無法成立協會,所以若是需要奉獻收據抵稅,目前妥拉的智<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>慧尚無能力可以開立能抵稅的收據給您,只能開立一般收據給您,妥<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>拉的智慧事工會將收到的奉獻金額與人名、當月奉獻總額、當月支出<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>費用明細公布在網站上,提供給大家瀏覽,也請您多多支持妥拉的智<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>慧事工,願您們平安!</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-16157464519135441222013-10-25T04:24:00.001-07:002013-10-25T04:24:15.994-07:00妥拉智慧研经365請大家多多支持、代禱與奉獻<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">感謝您瀏覽妥拉的智慧,妥拉的智慧事工於2011年7月20日開始在BLOGGER開始推廣,同年10月在FB粉絲專業推廣,經歷了經費不足,各樣事工推展緩慢,人事、翻譯費用無法供應一個翻譯同工薪資,但也看見神不斷的做事、開門,讓翻譯同工受香港漢語聖經協會的邀約,參與漢語聖經協會新漢語聖經舊約希伯來文翻譯,使翻譯同工有了薪資,但整個事工推展就更緩慢。</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">在翻譯同工漸漸結束在漢語聖經協會新漢語舊約希伯來文的翻譯工作,又可回來妥拉的智慧進行各樣翻譯與推展,並且也推出全新的「妥拉智慧研經365」,透過全新的編寫方便讀者可以每日一篇文輕鬆研經與靈修,365天完成摩西五經的研經,並且也將文章簡體化公布在微博跟博客上,並且若經費足夠下,未來也會陸續完成先知書、福音書、使徒書信的研經365內容,並且會隨著每年加深研經深度,在註釋上提供各樣研經文獻,可成為各人、教會的查研經工具。</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">而目前在BLOGGER的每月瀏覽總人數已來到1033人次,從開站至今共有9,074人次來瀏覽,並且瀏覽人的國籍來源來自世界各地,連烏克蘭、印度、祕魯、以色列、德國、中國都有人固定來瀏覽文章,而從上星期二15日微博開站後,六篇文章11天就累積1801瀏覽人次,透過網路的便利與傳遞力量,使得妥拉智慧的內容傳遞更深更廣。</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: #ffb065; color: #555555; font-family: simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">然而妥拉智慧事工運作經費仍舊嚴重不足,本月目前為止只收到2000元的奉獻,若大家贊同這兩年多妥拉智慧的推展,以及所編寫的內容,請大家支持,為妥拉智慧代禱與奉獻。</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">奉獻帳號:</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">銀行名稱(Name of Bank):805遠東國際商業銀行逸仙分行 Far Eastern International Bank YiXian Branch</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">戶名(Name of Account):詹志強 Jhan, Ji -chang</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">帳戶(No. of Account):003-004-002-30663</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">銀行地址(Address of Bank):台北市基隆路一段200號之3 3 - No.200 Sec. 1 ,Keelung Rd. ,Taipei City, Taiwan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">若有人奉獻請來信至:rock24sea@gmail.com,請告知您的大名、地址和奉獻金額,得以對帳與開立收據。</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 15.199999809265137px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">◎妥拉的智慧事工目前是小型事工,也沒有任何單位機構支持,目前的規模尚無法成立協會,未來我們仍會朝向成立協會努力,所以若是需要奉獻收據抵稅,目前妥拉的智慧尚無能力可以開立能抵稅的收據給您,只能開立一般收據給您,妥拉的智慧事工會將收到的奉獻金額與人名、當月奉獻總額、當月支出費用明細公布在網站上,提供給大家瀏覽,也請您多多支持妥拉的智慧事工,願您們平安!</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-46169182915516905632013-10-25T03:16:00.003-07:002013-10-25T03:22:15.448-07:00妥拉智慧研經365【創世紀顯現篇六】This Daily's Portion Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "6 創世紀22:1-24 命令獻上以撒<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
篇目:創世紀顯現篇 <span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Genesis Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "</h3>
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進度:創世紀22:1-24 命令獻上以撒<span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Genesis 22:1-24</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">|</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="color: #514a3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">The Command to Sacrifice Isaac</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #514a3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">神</span></span>試驗亞伯拉罕,對他說:「亞伯拉罕」。他說:「我在這裡」。神說:「要帶你的兒子,你所愛的獨一【1】 -- 以撒,你要去【2】摩利亞地,在我要對你說的一片眾山上,你要在那裡把他獻成為燔祭【3】。」亞伯拉罕在早晨早起,使他的驢背負,並帶著與他在一起的兩個僕人、他的兒子以撒,劈開了燔祭的柴,就起來走向神對他說的那地方。</div>
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當第三天,亞伯拉罕舉目從遠處看那地方。亞伯拉罕對他的僕人們說:「你們和驢子要停留在此,我與孩子,我們要走到那裡敬拜,然後我們回來到你們這。【4】」亞伯拉罕取了燔祭的柴放在他兒子以撒身上【5】,自己手裡拿著火與刀,於是他們二人同行。<br />
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以撒對他父親亞伯拉罕說:「我的父親啊!」他說:「我的兒子,我在這裡。」以撒說:看哪,火與柴都有了,但獻燔祭的羊在哪裡呢?」亞伯拉罕說:「我的兒子,神必為自己挑選燔祭的羊。【6】」於是他們二人同行。<br />
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他們來到了神對他說的那地方,亞伯拉罕在那裡建造祭壇,把柴按順序擺放,就捆綁他的兒子以撒,把他放在祭壇上,木柴的最上端。亞伯拉罕就伸手拿刀,要殺他的兒子【7】。上主的使者從天上呼叫他說:「亞伯拉罕!亞伯拉罕!」他說:「我在這裡!」,他說:「你不可對這孩子伸手,你不可對他做任何事情,因為現在我知道你是敬畏上帝的人了,你沒有阻止你獨一的兒子給我。」<br />
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亞伯拉罕舉目觀看,看哪,有一隻公羊,它因它的兩角被卡在灌木叢中,亞伯拉罕就去取了那隻公羊,把牠獻為燔祭,代替他的兒子【8】。亞伯拉罕把那地方命名為「上主必挑選」,直到今日人還說:在上主的山上必挑選。【9】<br />
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雅威的使者第二次從天上呼叫亞伯拉罕,說:『這是上主的宣告:「由於你行了這事,沒有阻止你獨一的兒子,因此我必定賜福給你,使你的後裔大大增加,如同天上的眾星,如同海邊的沙。你的後裔必佔領他仇敵的城門,地上一切的眾國必藉著你的後裔<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">祝福他們自己</span>,因為你聽從了我【10】。」』於是亞伯拉罕回到他僕人們那裡,他們一同起來走向別是巴,亞伯拉罕就住在別是巴。<br />
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發生這些事以後,有人通知亞伯拉罕:「看哪,密迦【11】也為你兄弟拿鶴【12】生了眾子,他的長子烏斯【13】,和他的兄弟布斯【14】和亞蘭【15】的父親基母利【16】,和基薛【17】、和哈瑣【18】、和必達【19】、和益拉【20】、和彼土利【21】,彼土利生了利百加【22】,密迦給亞伯拉罕的兄弟拿鶴生了這八個人。他的妾名叫流瑪【23】,她也生了提八【24】、和迦含【25】、和他轄【26】,和瑪迦【27】。</div>
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<span style="color: #514a3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">註釋:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #514a3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">【1】</span>亞伯拉罕並不是只有一個兒子,所以以撒不是獨生子,這邊可能是唯一繼承者的意思,這也反應出先前撒拉不想以實馬利跟以撒一起繼承,以撒成為亞伯拉罕的唯一繼承者。</div>
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【2】與創12:1一樣的寫法,兩邊相呼應,有一詮釋是創12:1的「你要去」顯示亞伯拉罕願意放下過去,展現聽命與順服神的忠心,這邊的「你要去」顯示亞伯拉罕願意放下未來,展現聽命與順服神的忠心。</div>
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【3】或翻成「你要帶他上去那裏獻上燔祭」、「你要領他上去那裏成為上去〈登高、攀登、登上〉的人」,當時近東文化認為一切生命來源出於眾神,而眾神會因使許多生命產生而折損神力,所以人會把頭胎的孩子、動物、初熟的農作物當作燔祭獻給神,回補眾神的靈力,在此原文這邊用了雙關語,這段同時可以翻使他上去登高,或是領他上去獻燔祭,所以神透過雙關語與亞伯拉罕的認知,試驗亞伯拉罕會怎樣選擇去獻祭。<br />
【4】這部分也有各種詮釋,有些詮釋認為亞伯拉罕完全相信順服神,他相信既然神都讓他老年得子,也必讓以撒死裡復活,也顯示他對神的忠心、順服、聽命,有些詮釋則是認為亞伯拉罕經過許多掙扎,最後選擇順服神,顯示他對神的忠心、順服、聽命。<br />
【5】前面的我與孩子是用希伯來文נער一詞,意思是年輕人、僕人、孩子,這字也常指未婚的人,所以約書亞40幾歲也用這字形容他,加上以撒背木柴上山,顯示這需要成年人才能做的事,這也引起以撒被獻時是多大年紀的討論,猶太釋經是認為以撒被獻時大約30幾歲,但不管各樣以撒年紀的詮釋,但基本上都同意以撒已經是大到理解生死是甚麼的年紀,所以從這可以看見亞伯拉罕和以撒兩個人的順服。<br />
【6】或譯「神必挑選他 -- 獻燔祭的羊、我兒」、「神必關注他 -- 獻燔祭的羊、我兒」、「神必看見屬祂的羊羔,成為燔祭是我的兒子」,這邊有幾種詮釋意思,可以詮釋為亞伯拉罕回應兒子神必挑選獻燔祭的羊,也可詮釋為神必挑選他,這他可能指獻燔祭的羊或我兒,所以有一詮釋認為當以撒聽到這樣的話時卻沒有逃跑,而甘願成為獻祭羊羔,這是完全聽命父親的孝順兒子,另外挑選原文ראה意思是看、注意、關注,所以這段也可能是雙關語意。<br />
【7】從這可看見亞伯拉罕和以撒向神忠心至死。<br />
【8】上主神不喜悅百姓用異教獻人祭的方式,所以用公羊代替人獻祭,來教導百姓生命的可貴,人若犯罪是要用無罪的生命來代贖,所以若不想要犧牲無罪的生命,人自己就要遠離犯罪,活出無罪、良善、聽命於神的生活,這才是得著生命。<br />
【9】請參照註釋6,這也成為亞伯拉罕與以撒順服神的記號。<br />
【10】從這可以看見神要藉著順服神的亞伯拉罕後裔使別人蒙福,也就是認識神,後裔זרע是集合名詞,原文是單數字型,可做複數用,所以看成一個後裔或是每一個後裔,所以認識神並跟隨神的人都是這後裔,並且自己蒙福也使別人蒙福,共同認識永生的上主。<br />
【11】名字含意是「女王、皇后」。<br />
【12】名字含意是「哼氣、噴鼻息」。<br />
【13】名字含意是「樹木繁茂的」。<br />
【14】名字含意是「蔑視、鄙視」<br />
【15】名字含意是「尊貴、被高舉」<br />
【16】名字含意是「被神舉起」<br />
【17】名字含意是「增多、增強」<br />
【18】名字含意是「看見、視覺」<br />
【19】名字含意是「火焰」<br />
【20】名字含意是「哭泣的」<br />
【21】名字含意是「神毀壞、屬神的人」<br />
【22】名字含意是「誘捕者、誘入圈套者」<br />
【23】名字含意是「提高、高尚的」<br />
【24】名字含意是「屠殺、消滅」<br />
【25】名字含意是「燃燒」<br />
【26】名字含意是「儒艮」<br />
【27】名字含意是「壓迫, 壓制」<br />
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問題:<br />
1.這段敘述有哪些人?<br />
2.上主為何要試驗亞伯拉罕說明?亞伯拉罕聽了之後有甚麼動作?<br />
3.當以撒詢問亞伯拉罕獻燔祭的羊在哪,亞伯拉罕怎樣回應?<br />
4.以撒聽完亞伯拉罕回應後有甚麼反樣呢?<br />
5.神怎樣看待兩人的行為呢?<br />
6.日常生活中是否常遇到各樣抉擇?通常你做甚麼樣的抉擇居多呢?<br />
7.你對這段內容還有甚麼想法?要怎樣運用你的生活中?<br />
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以上內容翻譯是從馬索拉抄本希伯來文直譯成中文,參考字典與書籍:<br />
JPS Hebrew - English TANAKH<br />
The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HAL/HALOT)<br />
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-54822688284020128382013-10-22T04:56:00.002-07:002013-10-22T05:09:26.960-07:00妥拉智慧研經365【創世紀顯現篇五】This Daily's Portion Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "5 創世紀21:1-34 以撒的誕生<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
篇目:創世紀顯現篇 <span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Genesis Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "</h3>
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進度:創世紀21:1-34 以撒的誕生<span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">上主按照祂說的關注撒拉,上主按照祂說的向撒拉施行,在他年老的時候,到了神對他說的定時,撒拉懷了孕,並且她為亞伯拉罕生了兒子,亞伯拉罕對</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">那為他所生</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">的兒子,就是撒拉為他生的</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">命名為以撒【1】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,亞伯拉罕按照神吩咐他的在第八天為他的兒子以撒行割禮,在以撒為他所生的時候,亞伯拉罕一百歲。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">撒拉說:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">「神使我獲得笑聲【2】,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">所有聽見的人他要對我笑【3】。」</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">她又說:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">『誰已對亞伯拉罕宣布:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">「撒拉要為眾子餵乳」呢?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">因為在他年老的時候,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">我生了兒子。』</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【4】</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">孩子長大,並且被斷奶,在以撒被斷奶的時候,亞伯拉罕預備了大筵席。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">撒拉看見埃及人夏甲【5】為亞伯拉罕生的兒子正在取笑【6】,就對亞伯拉罕說:「你要趕走這婢女和她兒子一起趕出去!因為這婢女的兒子不可與我的兒子以撒一同繼承【7】。」因他兒子這事在亞伯拉罕眼中是非常不愉快,神對亞伯拉罕說:「</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">關於這少年和你的婢女</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">這事在你眼中將不會不愉快,凡撒拉對你說的,你要聽從她的聲音;因為藉著以撒他被稱為你的後裔,,我也必使</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">婢女的兒子變成</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">一國,因為他是你的後裔。</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【8】</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕在早晨早起,取了食物和一水皮袋給夏甲,放在她的肩膀上和孩子〈上〉【9】,把她打發走。她就走了【10】,但她在別是巴的曠野迷路了【11】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">。皮袋中的水耗盡了,她就把孩子丟在一片灌木底下【12】,她走開</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">並讓自己坐在另一邊,遠離一箭之遙,因為她說:「我不願看見這孩子的死。」她就坐在在另一邊,揚聲大哭。神聽見少年人的聲音,神的使者就從天上呼喚夏甲,對她說:「夏甲,妳有甚麼麻煩?妳不要害怕,因為神已經聽見少年人在那裡的聲音了。起來!帶這少年人走</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,妳要保護他,因為我必使他變為大國。【13】」</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">神開了她的眼睛,她看見一口水井,就去裝滿水皮袋,給那年輕人喝【14】。 上帝與這孩子同在,他長大了並且住在曠野,成了一名弓箭手【15】。他住在巴蘭的曠野;他母親從埃及地為他娶了一個妻子。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">那時,亞比米勒和他軍隊統帥非各【16】對亞伯拉罕說:「在你所行的所有事上都有神與你同在,所以現在請你在這裡指以神的名義向我發誓,你</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">不要不忠實對待我與我的後代,我的子孫。如同我向你展現忠誠,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">你也要向我</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">與你所寄居於其中的這地展現〈忠誠〉【17】。」亞伯拉罕說:「我願意發誓。」</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕因亞比米勒僕人搶奪水井而指責亞比米勒。亞比米勒說:「誰做了這件事,我不知道,你也沒有告訴我,我也沒聽過,直到今日才〈聽到〉。亞伯拉罕就取了羊和牛給亞比米勒,二人就彼此立約【18】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">。 亞伯拉罕把七隻母羊羔單獨地放置。亞比米勒對亞伯拉罕說:「你單獨地安放這七隻母羊羔是甚麼意思</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">呢?」他說:「你要確實地從我手裡帶走這七隻母羊羔【19】。為了你要為我變為見證 -- 我挖了這口井的緣故。」</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">所以他給那地方命名為別是巴,因為他們二人在那裡發誓。他 們在別是巴立了約,亞比米勒和他軍長非各起身,回到非利士地去了【20】。亞伯拉罕就在別是巴栽種紅荊,在那裡求告上主 ─永恆神的名。亞伯拉罕在非利士人的地寄居了許多日子。【21】</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">註釋:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【1】名字含意為「他笑」,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">與創17:17、21中的笑、以撒,創18:12、15中的笑相呼應,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕與撒拉覺得不可能生子的嘻笑,變成得子的歡笑,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">也與創21:9相對比。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【2】或譯「神對我製造笑聲」、「神為我帶來笑聲」、「神讓我生產笑聲」,在這有雙關語的意思,意思是神使撒拉生了以撒,也是撒拉有了歡笑。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【3】或譯「那聽見一切</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">的對我笑」、「那所有聽到的人是我有以撒」,這也是雙關語,與上文形成平行呼應,這邊聽見有幾種意思,可能指神、有聽到的人,或是以實瑪利的雙關語。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【4】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">在當時近東文化</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">認為能不能生育是在於神的賜福</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,婦女無法生子視為羞辱,會被看為得罪神被神懲罰,而在撒拉已經停止月經情況下,神展現神蹟讓撒拉生了以撒,不僅挪去撒拉的羞辱,也透過撒拉顯示祂自己。</span><br />
【5】<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">名字含意是「拋棄、撤回」</span><br />
【6】或翻成「<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">撒拉看見埃及人夏甲為亞伯拉罕生的兒子是嘲笑〈開玩笑〉的人」,在此有幾種詮釋,有一種是撒拉看見以實瑪利對亞伯拉罕為以撒預備大筵席而嘲笑,對此非常不高興,另一種是撒拉看見以實瑪利笑,讓她想起以實瑪利與以掃繼承權問題,因為女主人的俾女給男主人做妾,所出生的孩子歸女主人名下,無論從亞伯拉罕或撒拉,以實瑪利都是第一順位繼承者。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【7】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">有違當時近東的法律,就算是妾與妾生的孩子,也都要好好照顧,何況以實瑪利是合法的長子,所以撒拉講這話讓亞伯拉罕很為難,無論在親情與法律都是不對的。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【8】有一種詮釋是</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">神不是要亞伯拉罕去做違背良心的事,而是以實瑪利已經14歲長大成年,必須去學習謀生的能力,所以神要帶他離開家裡學習事務,並且可以看出亞伯拉罕因老年得子而很疼愛孩子,過度疼愛反而讓孩子不會成長,所以神藉著撒拉的妻妾問題,讓以實瑪利出去學習成長,成為一個大國。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【9】或翻為「連同孩子</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">放在她的肩膀上</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">」,這有兩種可能,一是以實瑪利已經是14歲青少年,不太可能扛抱他,所以是跟母親一起背負東西,一是以實瑪利被過度寵愛,連這樣出去都要母親扛抱他。</span><br />
【10】有一詮釋是<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">從食物的量可能看出</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕用意是讓他們住在附近,還可以就近照顧。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【11】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">夏甲第一次是跑到</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">書珥</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">曠野的水泉旁,並且稱那井為「看顧我的永活者之井」,而第二次來到別是巴,名稱含意是「</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">誓約井」,在這形成平行呼應。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【12】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">猶大地一帶曠野沒有甚麼樹木可以遮蔭,躲在灌木叢可以防止被日曬脫水,延續生命,從這可以看見夏甲拼命想讓以實瑪利存活。</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【13】與創21:13相呼應,也不同於創16:10-12,是關於以實瑪利的第二段內容。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【14】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">從這可以看出夏甲以孩子為重,就連可能兩人渴死情況下,一有水時是先給孩子喝,不是自己先喝,可以看到父母對孩子的愛,如同神對我們的愛一樣。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【15】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">在神的帶領下長大,並且擁有養活自己的能力。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【16】名字含意不明,可能是「我整個口」。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【17】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞比米勒看出神與亞伯拉罕同在,亞比米勒敬畏神,但也很害怕亞伯拉罕壯大後會攻擊他們佔領這地,所以與亞伯拉罕起誓立約,彼此以慈愛、良善、忠誠,平等朋友對待。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【18】近東有幾種立約方式,其中一種就</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">將立約祭物切成兩半,然後獻火祭給神,神為</span><span id="rlt_1" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(250, 137, 27); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">見證</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">人,毀約的人就如同祭物一樣被切兩半,這是一種生死之約,也表示立約者永不毀約。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【19】這是近東另一種立約方式,類似買賣合約。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【20】這邊不是指後來的非力士人,兩者不同。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【21】</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">從這可以看到神對亞伯拉罕說過:祝福亞伯拉罕,我祝福他,所以亞比米勒願意使亞伯拉罕這樣的寄居者在他的地方安居蒙福,並且平等並以慈愛、良善、忠誠相待,如同對待一個王一樣,所以亞比米勒蒙福,看見與亞伯拉罕同在的神,並也敬畏神,自己也因善待亞伯拉罕而蒙神賜福。</span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">問題:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">1.這段敘述有哪些人?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">2.為何撒拉要趕走夏甲和以實馬利?亞伯拉罕有甚麼反應?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">3.神怎樣跟亞伯拉罕說呢?亞博拉罕做做了甚麼?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">4.夏甲和以實馬利後來遭遇甚麼事?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">5.為何亞比米勒會想跟亞伯拉罕立約?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">6.你從亞伯拉罕、亞比米勒、撒拉、夏甲、以實馬利身上看見了甚麼?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">7.從這些人的行動中讓你想起了甚麼?你日常生活中有是否也有這樣的行為?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">8.你對這段內容還有甚麼想法?要怎樣運用你的生活中?</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">以上內容翻譯是從馬索拉抄本希伯來文直譯成中文,參考字典與書籍:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">JPS Hebrew - English TANAKH</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HAL/HALOT)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-64610534321394821012013-10-20T14:34:00.001-07:002013-10-20T14:48:15.970-07:00妥拉智慧研經365【創世紀顯現篇四】This Daily's Portion Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "4 創世紀20:1-18亞伯拉罕與撒拉在基拉耳<h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
篇目:創世紀顯現篇 <span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Genesis Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "</h3>
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進度:創世紀20:1-21:34亞伯拉罕和撒拉在基拉耳<span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕從幔利</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">拔營離開</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">向南地去,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">他停留在加斯底和書珥中間,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">寄居</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">在</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">基拉耳</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">說到關於</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">撒拉 -- 自己的妻子</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">:「她是我妹妹」,基拉耳王亞比米勒【1】就差遣並取走</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">撒拉</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【2】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,在那夜的夢裏神臨到亞比米勒,並對他說:「看哪!你必因你娶的那女人而死【3】,因她</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">是已婚婦人</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【4】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">。」</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">那時亞比米勒尚未接近撒拉【5】,他說:『主啊,難道祢要殺人民,義人也〈殺〉嗎?那人豈不是對我說:「她是我的妹妹」嗎?她!甚至她也說說:「他是我的哥哥」。我憑藉我完全的心和清潔的手做了這事!』【6】。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">神在夢中對他說:「</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">我也知道你憑藉完全的心做這事,因此我確實從正對我犯罪中</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">阻止了你,所以我不允許你觸碰她【7】。 現在你要歸還這人的妻子,因為他是先知,他要為你禱告,你要活者【8】。若你不歸還,你要知道,你和所有屬你的人都必定死。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞比米勒在早晨早起,召了他所有的臣僕來,把這些所有的事都說給他們聽【9】,這些人就非常懼怕。亞比米勒召了亞伯拉罕來,並對他說:「你對我們做了什麼?我對你做錯什麼,你使我和我的國進入大罪?你已對</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">我做了不該做的事了!」亞比米勒又對亞伯拉罕說:「你看見了甚麼而做這種事呢?」</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【10】</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕說:『因為</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">我想確實沒有神的威榮【11】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">在這地方</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,他們必因我妻子的事殺我【12】。而且她也</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">確實是我的妹妹,她是我父親 的女兒,但不是我母親的女兒,而她變成我的妻子。當</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">神使我</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">流浪,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">離開我父親的家</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,我對她說: 「到每個地方,就是我們進入到那裏的,求你說到關於我:「他是我的哥哥」;這就是</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">你對我所做的</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">慈愛了。」』【13】</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞 比米勒取了羊、牛、僕、婢賜給亞伯拉罕,又把他的妻子撒拉歸還他。亞比米勒又說:「看哪!我的地都在你面前,請你住在你眼中所看為好的〈地方〉【14】。他又對撒拉說:「看哪!我給了你哥哥一千銀子,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">看哪!它在所有與妳一起的人面前當作證明用,在所有人</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">面前是清白的人。」</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【15】</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕向神</span><span id="rlt_1" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(250, 137, 27); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">禱告</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,神就治癒了亞比米勒和他的妻子,並他的眾女僕,他們便能生育。因上主為亞伯拉罕的妻子撒拉的事,已經快速關上亞比米勒家中所有的子宮。【16】</span><br />
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註釋:<br />
【1】名字含意是「<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">我的父親是王」。</span><br />
【2】或可翻「他伸出並帶走撒拉」、「他送出並娶走撒拉」,使這邊的詮釋有幾種,其中一種詮釋是亞比米勒以送禮下聘,合理的方式娶了撒拉,與創12:15埃及人的作為呈現對比,雖然<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞比米勒有下聘,是正大光明的娶,不過以當時文化來看仍然有帶一些身分地位與群體性威嚇寄居的亞伯拉罕一家人。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【3】或譯為「看哪!你是死人,因為你所娶的女人」。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【4】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">神知道亞比米勒不知情,所以來勸告亞比米勒。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【5】這裏與創12:16作對比,形成亞比米勒和法老的對比,有一詮釋是法老已經親近撒拉。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【6】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">當時已有法庭與</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">法律等觀念,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">這邊與當時近東文化中法庭式辯護</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">類似</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,當事人為自己辯護,說明自己所做的</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">事。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【7】這邊顯示</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">神鑒察人心與公義,並且也顯明神對無辜人與義人的拯救。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【8】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">有拯救得生命之意,也有延續後裔的意思。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">【9】直譯「他把這些所有的事在他們耳邊說」。</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【10】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">因神告訴</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞比米勒</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕是先知,所以這句也可以說是問亞伯拉罕是看見了他的國有甚麼問題,當時的人認為先知替神帶來懲罰是因為他們哪裡有得罪神。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【11】或譯為「神的敬畏」,指這邊的人沒有把神的威榮放在眼裏、心裏,或解釋為這地方不敬畏神,而</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">猶太觀點認為</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <span lang="EN-US">יהוה יראת</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">是指要非常愛一位威嚴的長者〈上司〉勝過世界的一切,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">同樣的用法在出20:20。</span><br />
【12】這邊的描述很模糊,可以詮釋為這是亞伯拉罕的個人觀點,或是詮釋為這是亞比米勒的國實際情況。<br />
【13】從另一個角度來看,<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">撒拉這樣願意犧牲自己去保護全家人生命財產</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">的行為</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">,這就是慈愛的表現。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【14】這邊</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">與創12:20對比,埃及法是遣送走亞伯拉罕,亞比米勒則是留下亞伯拉罕。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【15】直譯是「</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">它要在所有與你同在的人之前成為妳眼睛的遮蓋,在所有的人之前你被發現是正當的」,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">當時的人若與未出嫁的女子同睡,若沒有迎娶就要私下拿大筆的錢給女子的父親作為遮羞費,這是一種保障,避免沒人願意娶這女子,另一方面也是要同睡的男方負責迎娶照顧,而亞比米勒是在大眾之下拿非常大筆錢出來,是做為證據表示清白,這大筆錢通常是在神廟前把錢拿出來證明清白。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【16】這是要讓亞比米勒相信他所做的夢確實是出於神的。</span><br />
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1.這段敘述有哪些人?<br />
2.亞伯拉罕搬去基拉耳發生甚麼事?亞比米勒做了甚麼夢?</div>
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3.神為何要阻止亞比米勒?亞比米勒向神做了甚麼反應?</div>
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4.亞伯拉罕為何會叫撒拉稱他為哥哥?</div>
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5.亞伯拉罕這樣是否有算說謊?</div>
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6.你從亞伯拉罕、亞比米勒、撒拉身上看見了甚麼?<br />
7.從這些人的行動中讓你想起了甚麼?你日常生活中有是否也有這樣的行為?<br />
8.你對這段內容還有甚麼想法?要怎樣運用你的生活中?</div>
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以上內容翻譯是從馬索拉抄本希伯來文直譯成中文,參考字典與書籍:</div>
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JPS Hebrew - English TANAKH</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HAL/HALOT)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-86289483826291698552013-10-18T18:05:00.001-07:002013-10-18T19:09:22.669-07:00妥拉智慧研經365【創世紀顯現篇三】This Daily's Portion Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "3 創世紀19:12-38對所多瑪宣告審判<h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
篇目:創世紀顯現篇 <span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span>Genesis Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "</h3>
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進度:創世紀19:12-38對所多瑪宣告審判<span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Genesis 19:12-38</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">|</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span class="summary" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">經文:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">那些人對羅德說:「你還有誰在這裡?你要使女婿、你的眾子、眾女兒和在城中所有屬你的人從這裡出去,我們正要毀滅這地方,因為他們的</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">抗烈抗議在上主面前變大,上主差遣我們去毀滅它。」【1】羅德出去告訴他女婿們 -- 正要</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">娶她女兒們的人說【2】:「你們要起來,要從這地方出去,因為上主正要毀滅這城市。」但他在他女婿們的眼中如同一個開玩笑的人。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">當破曉的時候,使者們催促羅德說:「你要起來帶著你的妻子和餘留的女兒們,以免你因這城市的罪惡被消滅。」但羅德拖延了【3】,那些人因上主的寬恕臨到他而抓住了他、他妻子和他兩個女兒的手,他們領他出來,並把他安置在城外。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">當使者們領他們往外面時說:「你們要為你的生命</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">逃跑</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">!你不可看你的後面,也不可在所有的平原站住,要往山那裡逃跑,以免你被消滅。」羅得對他們說:「喔不,我主,請看哪!你僕人已經在你眼前蒙恩【4】,你顯示你</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">的慈愛</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">為大,就是</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">你向我施行,使我的性命活著。我必不能夠逃往山那裏,唯恐這災禍纏住我,我就死了。請看哪!這座城是近的,足夠逃往那裡,並且它是小的,請容我逃往那裡,它豈不是一座小城嗎?我的性命就必活著。」</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【5】</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">使者對他說:看哪,關於這事我也同意你【6】,我不傾覆你所說的這城。你要快速逃往那裏,直到你進入那裏,我必不能做事。」因此那城的名字稱為瑣珥【7】,太陽已出來在地上,羅德已經進入瑣珥,上主使來自上主的硫磺與火從天空降在所多瑪和蛾摩拉上,祂把那些城市和整個平原,並城裡所有的居民,和地上所生長的傾覆了,羅得的妻子在他的後面看,她變成了一根鹽柱。【8】</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">亞伯拉罕在早上早起到這地方,就是他站在神面前的那裏【9】,他向所多瑪、蛾摩拉和平原的全地面瞭望,他查看,看哪!這地的濃煙上騰,如同燒窯的濃煙,當神毀滅平原諸城 的時候,神記念亞伯拉罕,在傾覆羅得居住在其中的眾城時,打發羅德遠離這傾覆之中。羅得就從瑣珥上去,住在山裡,他的兩個女兒同他在一起;因為他害怕住在瑣珥,就和他的兩個女兒住在洞裡。長女對小女兒說:「我們的父親變老了,在地上又沒有男人按著全地的方式與我們結合,我們要去使我們父親喝酒,我們要與父親同寢,就可以從我們父親使後裔活著。」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">於是在那夜她們使她們的父親喝酒,長女進去與她的父親同寢,當她躺下起來,他不知道,隔天長女對小女兒說:「看哪!我昨夜與我父親同寢,今夜我們也使他喝酒,妳要進去與她同寢,我們就</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">可以從我們父親使後裔活著。」於是在那夜,她們也使她們父親喝酒,小女兒起來與他同寢,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">當她躺下起來,他不知道,羅德的兩個女兒從她們父親懷了孕,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">長女生了兒子,她命名為摩押【10】,直到今日他是摩押人的始祖,小女兒也生了兒子,她命名為便亞米【11】,直到今日他是亞捫人的始祖【12】</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">註釋:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">【1】羅德這時才發現他們是上主的使者。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">【2】近東文化未婚男女訂婚視同已婚,這邊是指已跟羅德女兒們訂婚,準備結婚的男性。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">【3】這字有耽擱、延誤、拖延、逗留、等待、</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">躊躇、</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">猶豫等意思,因此在這有幾種詮釋,有一派詮釋羅德以拖延保全全城免受毀滅,有一派詮釋羅德因急忙收拾財務而拖延,有一派詮釋羅德因捨不得所多瑪而猶豫。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">【4】直譯「你的僕人在你的眼中找到恩惠」。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">【5】有種詮釋是把羅德跟亞伯拉罕放一起對比,詮釋方向為</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">羅德雖然蒙受拯救,但仍然對拯救過程討價還價,並且是為自己求,不同亞伯拉罕為別人代求而向主討價還價。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【6】直譯「對這事我也高舉你的臉」。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【7】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">有種詮釋是</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">羅德是選擇性地聽命,如果羅德聽從使者逃到山上,使者也會等到羅德到了山上才摧毀兩城,從這可以看到羅德常只站在自己的立場、利益想,沒有先想聽命跟從神,與亞伯拉罕形成對比。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【8】有些詮釋為</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">表示違背神的指示,也表示對過去的留戀。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【9】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">表示對代求的事顧念。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【10】名字含意為「來自父親」。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【11】名字含意為「我百姓的兒子」</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">【12】有些詮釋為</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">羅德長期居住在不良的環境,影響女兒們的想法,讓女兒們追尋當時人的常規,與父親亂倫,所以環境人文對孩子是有很大的影響。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22px;">問題:</span></span></div>
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1.這段敘述有哪些人?<br />
2.使者為何要拯救羅德?羅德聽了之後對女婿說了之後,女婿有什麼反應?</div>
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3.羅德為何拖延?羅德為何向使者懇求逃到小城?</div>
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4.羅德的妻子發生甚麼事?羅德為何不住在瑣珥?</div>
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5.亞伯拉罕做了甚麼事</div>
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6.羅德的兩個女兒與羅德住在洞裡時做了甚麼事?<br />
7.你從亞伯拉罕、羅德、羅德之妻、羅德兩個女兒身上看見了甚麼?<br />
8.從羅德和亞伯拉罕兩人的行動中看見甚麼?你日常生活中有是否也有這樣的行為?<br />
9.日常生活中若遇見衝突或弱小被欺負時,你有甚麼反應和行為?<br />
10.你對這段內容還有甚麼想法?要怎樣運用你的生活中?</div>
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以上內容翻譯是從馬索拉抄本希伯來文直譯成中文,參考字典與書籍:</div>
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JPS Hebrew - English TANAKH</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HAL/HALOT)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12820449729013768281noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4843083590014557910.post-30262589215398416012013-10-16T04:00:00.002-07:002013-10-18T04:32:35.822-07:00妥拉智慧研經365【創世紀顯現篇二】This Daily's Portion Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "2 創世紀18:16 -19:11對所多瑪宣告審判<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
篇目:創世紀顯現篇 <span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Genesis Vayera | וירא | "He appeared "</span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;">進度:創世紀18:16 -19:11對所多瑪宣告審判</span><span class="reference" style="border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Genesis 18:16</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> -19:11</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">|</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"> </span><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Judgment Pronounced on Sodom</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">經文:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">眾人從那裏起來,向所多瑪瞭望【1】,亞伯拉罕與他們同行,送別他們【2】,上主說:「我所做的事豈對亞伯罕保密呢?亞伯拉罕必定變為又大又強的國家,這地上一切的眾國必</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">藉著他祝福他們自己,因為我已挑選他,為了他要吩咐他的眾子和後裔,遵守上主的道路,實行公義和公平【3】的緣故,為了使上主應許他的臨到亞伯拉罕身上【4】。」</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">上主說:「</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">所</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">多瑪和蛾摩拉的哀哭很大,他們的罪非常重,我現在要下去,查看他們全部所做的</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">是否如同它來到我這的強烈抗議</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">,若不是,我必知道。」眾人轉向離開那裏,走向所多瑪,但亞伯拉罕仍站在上主【5】面前【6】。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">亞伯拉罕前進一步說:「祢真的要使義人跟惡人一起消滅嗎?也許在城中有五十個義人,祢真的要消滅,不為其中五十個義人的緣故赦免那地方嗎?使義人與惡人一起死去,以致義人和惡人一樣地遭遇,祢絕不會做像這樣的事,</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">祢絕不會!</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">全地的審判者難道不施行公平?」上主說:「若我在所多瑪會找到五十個義人在城中,我必因他們的緣故赦免整個地方。」</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">亞伯拉罕回答說:「</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">請</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">看哪!我是塵土、灰燼,〈但〉我大膽向我主說,也許五十個義人會缺五個,難道你要因為〈少〉五個而毀滅全城嗎?」祂說:「如果我在那裏找到四十五個※義人〉,我必不毀滅!」亞伯拉罕又再次對祂說:「也許</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">四十個〈義人〉</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">在那裡被找到呢?」祂說:「為了四十個〈義人〉的緣故,我必不施行〈毀滅〉!」</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">亞伯拉罕又說:「求我主不要發怒,容我說,也許三十個〈義人〉在那裏被找到呢?」祂也說:「若我在那裏會找到三十個〈義人〉,我必不施行毀滅!」亞伯拉罕又說:「請看哪!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">我大膽向我主說,也許二十個〈義人〉在那裏被找到呢?」祂也說「</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">為了二十個〈義人〉的緣故,我必不毀滅!」亞伯拉罕又說:「</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">求我主不要發怒,容我說這最後一次,也許十個〈義人〉在那裏被找到呢?」祂也說:「為了十個〈義人〉的緣故,我必不毀滅!」當上主向亞伯拉罕說完話時就走了,亞伯拉罕也回到他的地方。【7】</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">兩個使者在傍晚來到所多瑪那,羅德【8】正坐在所多瑪的城門口,羅德看見了就起來去迎接他們,鼻子向地</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: small;">俯伏【9】說:「看哪,求我主現在轉到你們僕人的家過夜,請你們洗你們的雙腳,然後你們早起行走你們的旅程!」但他們說:「不,我們要在寬闊處過夜!」【10】但羅德極力</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: small;">慫恿他們,他們才轉向他進到他的屋子裏,羅德為他們預備了筵席,烘烤無酵餅,他們就吃了。</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: small;">他們要休息之前,所多瑪城的人們,從少年到老年、來自盡頭的一切百姓都圍住了那房子,他們呼叫羅德並對他說:「今晚來到你這的人們在那裡呢?你要領他們到我們這,我們可以與他們有性關係【11】。」羅德往門口出來到他們那,並他關上他後面的門說:「我的弟兄,請你們不要行惡,請看哪!我有兩個尚未與男人發生性關係的女兒,我現在領她們到你們那,你們可以按照你們眼中喜愛的向她們做〈這事〉,只要你們不要向這些人做這事,因為他們已進入到我房屋的庇護裏。」【12】</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">他們說:「靠邊站!」又說:「這一個人來寄居,現在卻要審判,我們對待你比他們更壞!」他們對羅德的人</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">極力</span><span style="font-family: helvetica neue, helvetica, arial, microsoft jhenghei, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">擠壓【13】,並靠近去毀壞門,那些人伸手帶羅德進入屋子他們那裏,他們關上門,並擊打在房子入口那些人,從小到大在</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, 'microsoft jhenghei', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: small;">耀眼的光</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica neue, helvetica, arial, microsoft jhenghei, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">中,他們放棄尋找門。</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">--------------------------------------------------------------</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">註釋:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="summary" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">【1】</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">幔利地勢比在死海東南方的所多瑪高。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">【2】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: small;">中東習俗,主人會親自送別至親平輩好友,代表對其重視。</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">【3】或可翻成「實行公平〈慈惠〉</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">和審判〈正義、條例〉」。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">【4】直譯「為了上主臨到亞伯拉罕身上的緣故,就是祂應許他的」。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">【5】</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">指傳達神旨意的使者如同神親臨。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【6】這邊指神對待亞伯拉罕如同對待平輩好友,才會分享祂的計畫與作為。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【7】亞伯拉罕這邊所做的動作,與禱告的希伯來原文有一樣的意思,希伯來文禱告有求情、調解</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">的意思</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">,所以亞伯拉罕動作可以說是一種禱告的代求,這在其他地方也可以看見神僕人為許多人事物代求。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【8】名字含意是遮蓋</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【9】羅德迎接客人的動作與創18:2亞伯拉罕的動作有微妙的對比,但羅德跟亞伯拉罕一樣,在剛接待時並不知道是神的使者,直到使者說或做了某些事,才顯出其身分給亞伯拉罕跟羅德知道。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【10】</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">這是要查明所多瑪是否會惡待外人並顯明其罪證。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【11】近東文化中有三種同性性關係:1.神廟祭祀需要、2.外人進入到陌生城市遭受暴力式同性性對待、3.如同男女戀愛或婚姻一樣的同性性關係,在此可能指2或3的行為。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【12】這是羅德被神看為義,後來使全家被拯救的原因,因為他願意犧牲自己的至親,保全不是自己親人的客人。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;">【13】或翻「他們極力催逼人和羅德」,這邊極力擠壓與創19:3羅德極力慫恿形成對比。</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Liberation Sans, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 22px;">問題:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">1.這段敘述有哪些人?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">2.上主為何向亞</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">伯拉罕說明?亞伯拉罕聽了之後有甚麼動作?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">3.羅德看見客人時做了甚麼?所多瑪城所有人看見客人時做了甚麼?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">4.你從亞伯拉罕、羅德、</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">所多瑪城所有人身上看見了甚麼?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">5.為何亞伯拉罕要求情與調解?你日常生活中有是否也有這樣的行為?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">6.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">日常生活中若遇見衝突或弱小被欺負時,你有甚麼反應和行為</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">?</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">7.你對這段內容還有甚麼想法?要怎樣運用你的生活中?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">以上內容翻譯是從馬索拉抄本希伯來文直譯成中文,參考字典與書籍:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">JPS Hebrew - English TANAKH</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HAL/HALOT)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, 'Liberation Sans', FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"><br /></span></div>
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